Emerging technologies for nutrition research : potential for assessing military performance capability / Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine ; Sydne J. Carlson-Newberry and Rebecca B. Costello, editors.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Contributor:

Newberry, Sydne J.

Costello, Rebecca B.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nutrition--Research.

Nutrition.

Soldiers--United States--Nutrition.

Soldiers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (729 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The latest of a series of publications based on workshops sponsored by the Committee on Military Nutrition Research, this book's focus on emerging technologies for nutrition research arose from a concern among scientists at the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine that traditional nutrition research, using standard techniques, centered more on complex issues of the maintenance or enhancement of performance, and might not be sufficiently substantive either to measure changes in performance or to predict the effects on performance of stresses soldiers commonly experience in operational environments. The committee's task was to identify and evaluate new technologies to determine whether they could help resolve important issues in military nutrition research. The book contains the committee's summary and recommendations as well as individually authored chapters based on presentations at a 1995 workshop. Other chapters cover techniques of body composition assessment, tracer techniques for the study of metabolism, ambulatory techniques for the determination of energy expenditure, molecular and cellular approaches to nutrition, the assessment of immune function, and functional and behavioral measures of nutritional status.

Contents:

Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research

Copyright

PREFACE

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

FOCUS OF THE REPORT

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Contents

Emerging Technologies for Nutrition Research

I COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Project Overview and Committee Summary

PROJECT OVERVIEW

The Committee's Task

The Current Army Program and Its Future Needs

COMMITTEE SUMMARY

Techniques of Body Composition Assessment

Body Composition Standards in the Military

Body Composition Assessment Techniques Proposed to Replace Hydrodensitometry as the Criterion Method

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Other Techniques

Computerized Axial Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Correlation between Body Composition, Health Status, and Physical Performance

Summary

Tracer Techniques for the Study of Metabolism

Use of Isotopic Tracers to Study Metabolism

Future Directions

Use of Positron Emission Tomography to Study Protein Metabolism

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Tool to Study Metabolism

Ambulatory Techniques for Measurement of Energy Expenditure

Doubly Labeled Water for Energy Expenditure

Using Foot Contact Time to Estimate the Metabolic Cost of Locomotion

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Measuring Plasma Metabolites

Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Nutrition

Regulation of Gene Expression by Nutrients and Metabolites

Applications for Techniques Used to Study Gene Expression

Isolated Cell Approaches

Assessment of Immune Function

New Approaches to the Study of Abnormal Immune Function

Evaluation of Humoral Immunity (Production of Antibodies)

Evaluation of Cell-Mediated Immune Functions

In Vitro Assays of Lymphocyte Function.

Phagocytic Cell Assays

New Techniques for Producing Immunity via Oral Immunization

Production of Recombinant Bacterial Antigen for Oral Immunization

Use of Enterotoxins as Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants

Use of Transgenic Plants to Generate Antibodies for Passive Immunotherapy

Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Identification and Cloning of Antibodies

Microencapsulation of Antigens and Antibodies

Techniques for Oral Vaccine Production

Functional and Behavioral Measures of Nutritional Status

Involuntary Muscle Contraction to Assess Nutritional Status

Application of Cognitive Performance Assessment Technology to Military Nutrition Research

Technical Advances in Cognitive Performance Assessment

Computers and Miniaturization

Improvement in Interface Technology

2 Committee Responses to Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations

RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY

COMMITTEE CONCLUSIONS

COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

II THE CURRENT ARMY PROGRAM AND ITS FUTURE NEEDS

3 Emerging Technologies in Nutrition Research for the Military: Overview of the Issues

INTRODUCTION

ORGANIZATION OF THE MILITARY NUTRITION RESEARCH PROGRAM

PURPOSE OF THE PROGRAM

Development of Nutritional Strategies

Performance-Enhancing Ration Components

Dietary Treatments to Counteract Immunosuppression

Dietary Interventions to Meet Special Requirements

Evaluation of Operational Rations and Field Feeding Systems

Establishment of Nutritional Standards.

Determination of Nutritional Status of Military Populations

OTHER NUTRITIONALLY RELATED RESEARCH

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS

References

III TECHNIQUES OF BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT

4 Military Application of Body Composition Assessment Technologies

ARMY BODY COMPOSITION STANDARDS: GOALS AND METHODS

VALIDATION OF MILITARY EQUATIONS AGAINST CRITERION METHODS

Shortcomings of Underwater Weighing

Errors Produced by Assumptions in the Interpretation of Body Density

Improved Criterion Measure with a Four-Compartment Model

DEXA Soft Tissue Analysis as a Practical Improvement over Underwater Weighing

Other Technologies for Expedient Body Fat Assessment

SIGNIFICANCE OF BODY FAT TOPOGRAPHY AND MUSCLE MASS DISTRIBUTION

Abdominal Girth: Male Body Fat Predictor and Marker of Personal Readiness Goals

Diversity of Female Body Fat Topography and Physiology

Future Standards Development with Lean Mass Assessments

ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL AND HYDRATIONAL STATUS

Validity of Anthropometric Equations Derived from Cross-Sectional Data When Applied to Predict Chang ...

Confounding Effects of Large Weight Losses in Ranger Training: Increases in Hydration and Questionab ...

Considerations in the Assessment of Nutritional Compromise

DISCUSSION

5 Imaging Techniques of Body Composition: Advantages of Measurement and New Uses

Historical Development

Components Measured

PHYSICAL BASIS OF METHODS

Overview

Computerized Axial Tomography

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

BODY COMPONENT RECONSTRUCTION

VALIDATION STUDIES

Phantoms and Cadavers

Verification of Volume Measurements In Vivo

Reproducibility.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Phantoms

Animals

Cadavers

Comparison with CT

Reliability

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

REFERENCE TECHNIQUE FOR HUMAN FAT MEASUREMENT?

FUTURE APPLICATIONS

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

6 Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: Research Issues and Equipment

EQUIPMENT

ASSESSMENT OF BONE MINERAL DENSITY

Reliability and Precision

Validity

ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Underlying Principles of Body Composition Assessment by DXA

Sources of Error in the Assessment of Body Composition by DXA

Hydration Status.

Tissue Thickness.

Soft Tissue Composition in Bone Regions.

Comparisons of DXA and Hydrodensitometry

ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL BODY COMPOSITION

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7 Bioelectrical Impedance: A History, Research Issues, and Recent Consensus

HISTORY

IMPEDANCE AND BODY WATER

IMPEDANCE AND BODY COMPOSITION

QUANTIFICATION OF CHANGES IN BODY COMPOSITION

SEGMENTAL BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE

MULTIFREQUENCY BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE

Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Spectral Analysis

IMPEDANCE AND BLOOD CHEMISTRY

ETHNICITY

NIH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CONFERENCE: BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS IN BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT

AUTHORS' CONCLUSION

III Discussion

IV TRACER TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF METABOLISM

8 Stable Isotope Tracers: Technological Tools that have Emerged

ISOTOPES IN NATURE

ACCESS TO INACCESSIBLE COMPARTMENTS

EXPRESSION OF TRACER DILUTION

ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS

ADVANTAGES OF STABLE ISOTOPE TRACER USE

SELECTED RECENT EXAMPLES OF STABLE ISOTOPE USE

SIGNIFICANCE TO THE MILITARY

References.

9 Measurement of Energy Substrate Metabolism Using Stable Isotopes

BREATH 13C/12C RATIO METHOD TO MEASURE SUBSTRATE OXIDATION

Description of Methodology

Performance of Breath Ratio Method

Current Research Using Breath Ratio Method

Scientific Advantages and Disadvantages of the Breath Ratio Methodology

Cost/Benefit of New Technology

How Practical is the Technology?

Can the Method Be Used in the Field?

TRACER INFUSION MEASUREMENT OF SUBSTRATE OXIDATION

Review of Application of Methodology

Scientific Advantages and Disadvantages

10 Combined Stable Isotope-Positron Emission Tomography for In Vivo Assessment of Protein Metabolism

ISOTOPE TRACER ESTIMATES OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACID TURNOVER IN VIVO

Stable Isotope Techniques

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron Decay and Coincidence Detection of Radiation Annihilation

Nuclide Production and Radiotracer Synthesis

APPLICATIONS OF PET

Muscle Protein Synthesis as Measured with PET

Importance of Skeletal Muscle

Initial Studies with PET

The Results and Their Interpretation

The Implications and Some Comments

AUTHORS' SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

11 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Liver and Muscle Glycogen Metabolism in Humans

BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY

NMR Spectrometer

Applications of NMR Spectroscopy

GLUCOSE TRANSPORT-PHOSPHORYLATION: THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN MUSCLE GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS

NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF LIVER GLYCOGEN METABOLISM

RELATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NMR SPECTROSCOPY COMPARED TO OTHER TECHNIQUES

AUTHOR'S SUMMARY

IV Discussion.

V AMBULATORY TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610191598

9780309174534

0309174538

9781280191596

1280191597

9780309553384

0309553385

9780585037141

0585037140

OCLC:

42854594