Nutritional needs in cold and in high-altitude environments : applications for military personnel in field operations / Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine ; Bernadette M. Marriott and Sydne J. Carlson, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Marriott, Bernadette M.

Newberry, Sydne J.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nutrition--Requirements--Congresses.

Nutrition.

Cold--Physiological effect--Congresses.

Cold.

Altitude, Influence of--Congresses.

Altitude, Influence of.

Soldiers--Nutrition--Requirements--Congresses.

Soldiers.

Physical Description:

xv, 568 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This book reviews the research pertaining to nutrient requirements for working in cold or in high-altitude environments and states recommendations regarding the application of this information to military operational rations. It addresses whether, aside from increased energy demands, cold or high-altitude environments elicit an increased demand or requirement for specific nutrients, and whether performance in cold or high-altitude environments can be enhanced by the provision of increased amounts of specific nutrients.

Contents:

Nutritional Needs In Cold And In High-Altitude Environments

Copyright

Preface

FOCUS OF THE REPORT

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE TASK AND PROCEDURES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

I COMMITTEE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 A Review of the Physiology and Nutrition in Cold and in High-Altitude Environments by the Committee on Military Nutrition…

PROJECT OVERVIEW

THE COMMITTEE'S TASK

MILITARY RESEARCH, COMMAND ISSUES, AND RATIONS FOR COLD AND FOR HIGH-ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENTS

THE COLD ENVIRONMENT

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE COLD

Basic Physiology of Cold Exposure

Peripheral Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

Metabolic Heat Production

Cardiac Responses

Effect of Gender

Effect of Age

Other Factors

Central Nervous System Function and Sleep

The Role of the Central Nervous System and Sleep during Cold Stress

Stages of Sleep

Interrelation of Sleep and Temperature Regulation

Sleep and Temperature Regulation in Humans

Thermoregulation and Physical Performance

Drug-Induced Delay of Hypothermia

CHANGES IN NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR COLD ENVIRONMENTS

Fluid Balance

Mechanisms of Cold-Induced Diuresis

Other Causes of Cold-Induced Losses of Body Water

Performance Decrements Caused by Cold-Induced Dehydration

Macronutrients

Energy Sources

Protein

Vitamins

Minerals

APPETITE AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN THE COLD

THE HIGH-ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENT

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES AT HIGH ALTITUDES

Basic Physiology of High-Altitude Exposure

Biophysical Realities of High Altitudes

Physiological Responses at High Altitudes

Water Balance at High Altitudes

Acclimatization to High Altitudes

Altitude-Induced Illness

Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)

Subacute Mountain Sickness

High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE).

Weight Loss at High Altitudes

Effects of Age and Gender on Response to Altitude

CHANGES IN NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS AT HIGH ALTITUDES

APPETITE AND BEHAVIOR CHANGES AT HIGH ALTITUDES

Mental Response to High Altitudes

The Effect of Altitude on Cognitive Performance and Mood States

Food Components that May Enhance Mental Performance at High Altitudes and in the Cold

Military Considerations

INTERACTIONS OF COLD AND HIGH ALTITUDES

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

2 Committee on Military Nutrition Research Recommendations and Conclusions

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY

Performance

Health and Medical Aspects

Thermoregulation and Acclimatization

Nutritional Requirements

RECOMMENDATIONS

Water and Dehydration

Energy and Specific Nutrients

Education and Logistics

AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Energy

Specific Nutrients

Performance and Medical Conditions

Military Ration Development and Guidance

CONCLUSIONS

II BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC

3 Cold-Weather and High-Altitude Nutrition: Overview of the Issues

INTRODUCTION

PREVIOUS SYMPOSIA

PREVIOUS MILITARY RESEARCH: THE POLE MOUNTAIN WYOMING WINTER PROJECT

GOALS OF THE 1993 WORKSHOP AND THIS BOOK

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS

4 Leadership Insights for Military Operations in Cold Weather and at High Altitudes

THE MIND AND LEADERSHIP

DIET

MEDICAL CASUALTIES

TRAINING TROOPS

PHYSICAL CONDITION OF TROOPS

CLOTHING AND EQUIPMENT

5 Cold-Weather Field Feeding: Military Rations

MILITARY RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR COLD WEATHER

MILITARY RATIONS USED IN COLD WEATHER

Group Feeding Rations

Tray Pack.

Individually Packaged Rations

Meal, Ready-to-Eat

Ration, Cold Weather

Long-Range Patrol, Improved

SELECTING A MILITARY RATION FOR COLD-WEATHER OPERATIONS

6 Feeding the U.S. Army Sixth Infantry Division (Light) in the Cold

THE U.S. ARMY FAMILY OF RATIONS

EQUIPMENT PROBLEMS: THE MOBILE KITCHEN TRAILER

AN EQUIPMENT SOLUTION: THE KITCHEN COMPANY LEVEL FIELD FEEDING EQUIPMENT

THE U.S. ARMY FIELD FEEDING SYSTEM

AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS

II Discussion

III THE COLD ENVIRONMENT

7 Physiology of Cold Exposure

HUMAN HEAT BALANCE IN THE COLD

Biophysical Factors

Physiological Responses

Vasomotor Responses

Metabolic Responses

Energy Substrate Utilization

Effects of Exercise on Thermoregulation in the Cold

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in the Cold

Influence of Cold on Muscle Energy Metabolism

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS MODIFYING HUMAN HEAT BALANCE IN THE COLD

Anthropometry

Physical Fitness

Age and Gender

Acclimatization

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8 Military Schedules vs. Biological Clocks

BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS: FROM MINUTES TO YEARS

DIFFERENT CIRCADIAN CLOCKS: SLEEP/WAKEFULNESS AND BODY TEMPERATURE

Sleep/Wakefulness

Thermal Regulation in the Cold

Sleep and Core Temperature

External Temperatures and Sleep

Sleep and Nutrition

THE REAL WORLD: MILITARY OPERATIONS AND TRAINING

Technology to the Rescue: Antiquity to the Present

The Challenge: Field Studies in Bosnia

AUTHORS' CONCLUSION

9 Influence of Cold Stress on Human Fluid Balance

Military Situation Regarding Fluid Balance in the Cold

Body Fluid States

FACTORS CAUSING DEHYDRATION

Cold-Induced Diuresis.

Respiratory Water Losses

Cold-Weather Clothing

Metabolic Cost of Movement in Cold Terrain

Reduced Fluid Intake

Fluid Delivery

Frozen Drinking Water

Inadequate Drinking

Fluid in Cold-Weather Rations

Summary

MILITARY IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF DEHYDRATION IN THE COLD

Dehydration Effects on Physical and Cognitive Performance

Dehydration and Thermoregulation

Dehydration and Cold-Injury Susceptibility

Summary Comments

COUNTERMEASURES TO DEHYDRATION

10 Muscle Metabolism and Shivering During Cold Stress

CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY AND COLD TOLERANCE

FAT UTILIZATION AND SHIVERING

THE PREFERRED FUEL

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11 Macronutrient Requirements for Work in Cold Environments

ENERGY BALANCE AND REQUIREMENT IN THE COLD

Studies Showing Increased Requirements Using Energy Intake Data

Studies Showing Minimal Effects of Cold Environments on Energy Requirement Determined by Energy Intake

Underreporting of Energy Intakes

Studies Measuring Energy Requirements Using Energy Expenditure Data

Mechanism of Action of Effects of Cold on Metabolism

OPTIMAL MACRONUTRIENT RATIO IN THE COLD

12 Cold Exposure, Appetite, and Energy Balance

COMPONENTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN THE COLD

Basal Metabolic Rate

Thermogenic Effect of Feeding

Thermogenic Effect of Cold

Thermogenic Effect of Exercise

MEASUREMENTS OF CALORIE INTAKE ON ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS

APPETITE AND BODY WEIGHT GAIN IN ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS

Palatability of Food

Cold Temperature

Season of the Year

Emotional Factors

Physical Activity

REFERENCES.

13 Effects of Cold and Altitude on Vitamin and Mineral Requirements

ESTIMATED ENERGY INTAKES

FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Vitamin A

Functions

Intake and Status

Author's Recommendation

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

Status and Intake

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

Thiamin

Niacin

Riboflavin

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B12

Pantothenic Acid

Biotin

Folic Acid

Function

Vitamin C

MINERALS

Calcium

Phosphorus

Magnesium

Iron

Zinc and Copper

Other Trace Minerals

14 Micronutrient Deficiency States and Thermoregulation in the Cold

THERMAL BALANCE

IRON DEFICIENCY

Anemia vs. Tissue Iron Deficiency

Neurohormones

Thyroid Hormones

COPPER DEFICIENCY

ZINC DEFICIENCY

15 Drug-Induced Delay of Hypothermia.

Notes:

Proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the Committee on Military Nutrition Research of the Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610210817

9780309175593

0309175593

9781280210815

1280210818

9780309556774

0309556775

9780585098425

0585098425

OCLC:

923267961