Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for selected airborne contaminants / Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Committee on Spacecraft Exposure Guidelines, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Space cabin atmospheres.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (407 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council.

Contents:

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Copyright

Other Recent Reports

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

PREFACE

Contents

SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS

REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS

REFERENCES

APPENDIX A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS: EXECUTIVE…

GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Environmental Control and Life-Support System

Modification of Contaminant Toxicity by Environmental Factors

Sources and Types of Data for Establishment of SMACs

Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants

In Vitro Toxicity Studies

Animal Toxicity Studies

Clinical and Epidemiological Observations

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

Biological Markers

Risk Assessment (Development of Exposure Criteria)

Issues in Making Recommendations for the Establishment of SMACs

APPENDIX B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS

B1 ACROLEIN

Physical and Chemical Properties

Occurrence and Use

Toxicity Summary

Acute and Short-Term Toxicity

Mucosal Irritation

Respiratory Effects

Miscellaneous Effects

Subchronic and Chronic Toxicity

Mucosal Irritation and Effects on the Respiratory System

Carcinogenicity

Genotoxicity

Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations

1-h SMAC

24-h SMAC

7-d, 30-d, and 180-d SMACs

The Establishment of SMAC Values

References

B2 BENZENE

Occurrence and Use.

Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism

Absorption

Distribution

Excretion

Metabolism

Neurotoxicity

Cardiac Sensitization

Hematotoxicity and Immunotoxicity

Hematotoxicity and Myelotoxicity

Immunotoxicity

Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity

Reproductive Toxicity

Developmental Toxicity

Interaction with Other Chemicals

Species Extrapolation

Benzene-Induced Toxicity

Metabolite-Induced Toxicity

Nervous System Effects

Hematological Effects

Immunological Effects

Risk of Leukemia

Summary of Toxic Effects

Recommendations

B3 CARBON DIOXIDE

Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms

Dyspnea

Headaches

Intercostal Pain

Acid-Base Balance

Electrolyte Levels

Respiratory System

Cardiovascular System

Nervous System

Kidneys

Male Reproductive System

Intestine and Spleen

Dyspnea and Intercostal Pain

Bones and Kidneys

Structural Effects on Other Tissues

Hematological Changes

Epidemiological Data

Genetic Toxicity

Visual Impairments, Tremors, and CNS Depression

Hyperventilation

Airway Resistance Increases

Testes

Establishment of SMACs

B4 2-ETHOXYETHANOL

Physical and Chemical Properties.

Occurrence and Use

Metabolism and Excretion

Testicular Toxicity

Hematological Toxicity

Establishment of SMAC Values

B5 HYDRAZINE

Lethality

Hepatotoxicity

Focal-Liver-Cell Hyperplasia

Spaceflight Effects

B6 INDOLE

Nausea

Mortality

Leukemogenic Effects

Normal Indole Uptake

B7 MERCURY

Metabolism and Distribution

Acute Toxicity

Short-Term and Subchronic Toxicity

Chronic Toxicity

Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

Interactions with Other Chemicals.

Rationale for Acceptable Concentrations

Respiratory System Toxicity

Nephrotoxicity

B8 METHYLENE CHLORIDE

CNS Effects

Hepatic Effect

Carboxyhemoglobin Formation

Non-neoplastic Effects on the Liver and Kidney

Non-neoplastic Effects on the Respiratory System

Neoplastic Effects

CNS Depression

Liver Toxicity

B9 METHYL ETHYL KETONE

Neural Studies

Hepatic Effects

CNS Impairment

B10 NITROMETHANE

Miscellaneous Symptoms

Hepatic Toxicity

Thyroid Toxicity

Pulmonary Toxicity

Effects on Reproductive Function

Carcinogenesis

Interaction with Other Chemicals.

Anemia

B11 2-PROPANOL

Subchronic and Short-Term Toxicity

Rationale for Acceptable Standards

Peripheral Nerve Damage

Irritation

Recommendations for Additional Research

B12 TOLUENE

Irritation and CNS Effects

Histopathology, Clinical Chemistry, and Hematology

Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

References.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-309-17564-X

1-280-19225-9

9786610192250

0-309-55674-0

0-585-01400-0

OCLC:

726822995