Expanding metropolitan highways : implications for air quality and energy use / Committee for Study of Impacts of Highway Capacity Improvements on Air Quality and Energy Consumption.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board. Committee for Study of Impacts of Highway Capacity Improvements on Air Quality and Energy Consumption.

Series:

Special report (National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board) ; 245.

Special report ; 245

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Highway capacity--United States.

Highway capacity.

Traffic flow--United States.

Traffic flow.

Air--Pollution--Economic aspects--United States.

Air.

Energy consumption--United States.

Energy consumption.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (399 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1995.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A study reviewing the current state of knowledge, evaluating the scientific evidence, and clarifying disagreement about the impact of highway capacity additions on traffic flow characteristics, travel demand, land use, vehicle emissions, air quality, and energy use. Lacks an index. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.

Contents:

EXPANDING METROPOLITAN HIGHWAYS

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

REGULATORY CONTEXT

ANALYTIC REQUIREMENTS

FINDINGS

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

REFERENCES

ABBREVIATIONS

1 Introduction

Clean Air Legislation and Regulatory Requirements

Historical Trends

Requirements of the 1990 CAAA

Conformity Requirements

ISTEA

Energy Regulation

STUDY FOCUS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

OVERVIEW OF IMPACTS

ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS

ORGANIZATION OF REPORT

NOTES

2 Contribution of Motor Vehicle Transportation to Air Pollution and Energy Consumption

TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY

Transportation-Related Pollutants

Formation of Motor Vehicle Emissions

Major Pollutants by Type

Pollutants by Vehicle and Fuel Type

Factors Affecting In-Use Emission Levels

Travel-Related Factors

Trips and Vehicle Use

Speed, Acceleration, and Load

Driver Behavior

Highway-Related Factors

Vehicle-Related and Other Factors

Translating Emissions into Air Quality

TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Energy and the Environment

Factors Affecting In-Use Fuel Economy

MODELING AIR QUALITY AND ENERGY IMPACTS

Introduction to Modeling Requirements and Approaches

Land Use and Travel Demand Models

Land Use Models

Travel Demand Models

Traffic Simulation Models

Emission and Atmospheric Dispersion Models

Emission Models

Atmospheric Dispersion Models

Energy Models

Limitations of Current Modeling Practice

SUMMARY

3 Traffic Flow Characteristics

OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED IMPACTS

REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS

Effects of Changes in Traffic Flow Patterns.

Drive Cycles and Average Speed

Estimates from Current Emission Models

Certainty of Emission Estimates from Current Models

Linking Emissions Estimates with Data on Traffic Flow Characteristics

Status of Current Research and Modeling Efforts

Research on In-Use Vehicle Emissions and Emission Modeling Improvements

Research on Emissions Effects of Sharp Accelerations and Fuel Enrichment

Research on Emissions Effects of High-Speed Driving

Implications of Research for Emissions Modeling

Traffic Simulation Modeling Improvements

Effects on Travel Volumes

Network Effects

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF EFFECTS ON EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY

Net Effects on Emissions

Effects on Regional Air Quality

REVIEW OF EFFECTS ON ENERGY USE

Estimates from Current Models

Certainty of Fuel Economy Estimates

Net Effects on Energy Use

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE

4 Travel Demand

DETERMINANTS OF METROPOLITAN TRAVEL DEMAND AND RECENT TRAVEL TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

OVERVIEW OF EXPECTED IMPACTS AND DEFINITION OF TERMS

Description of Effects

Definition of Induced Travel

THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF TRAVEL CHOICES AND IMPACTS

REVIEW OF EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES

Facility-Specific Studies

Methodological Problems

Study Results

Areawide Studies

Travel Time Elasticities

Summary of Findings from Studies

REVIEW OF IMPACTS FROM TRAVEL DEMAND MODELS

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF KNOWLEDGE

REVIEW OF IMPACTS ON TRUCK TRAVEL

Effects on Truck Traffic

Modeling Truck Travel

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE

5 Land Use and Urban Form

BACKGROUND.

Arguments Against Capacity Additions

Research Questions

Context of Transportation-Land Use Relationship

Net Growth and Redistributed Growth

Demographic Influences on Growth

THEORY LINKING TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE

EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Cross-National Comparisons

Studies of Housing and Residential Location

RESULTS FROM MODELS

Optimization Models

Spatial Interaction Models

IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGES IN POPULATION DENSITY FOR TRAVEL AND EMISSIONS

Behavioral Research

Modeling

6 Findings and Conclusions

OVERVIEW

CROSSCUTTING ISSUES

FINDINGS FOR INDIVIDUAL IMPACT AREAS

Initial Impacts on Traffic Flow Characteristics

Impacts on Travel Demand

Impacts on Land Use and Urban Form

SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF NET EFFECTS

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH, MODELING IMPROVEMENTS, AND DATA COLLECTION

Emissions Modeling

Travel Demand and Land Use Forecasting Models

Appendix A Emission and Energy Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel-Powered Trucks and Buses

FLEET CHARACTERIZATION

Truck Classification

Engine Types

Diesel Truck Population, Use, and Scrappage

HDDV EMISSION CONTROL PROGRAMS

Introduction

HDDV Emissions Standards

Federal HDD Emission Standards

California HDD Emissions Standards

Diesel Fuel Specifications

Clean Fuel-Low Emission Heavy-Duty Vehicles

HDDV Inspection and Maintenance Programs

HDDV EMISSIONS AND SPEED CORRECTION FACTORS

Overview

Comparison Between the Steady State and Transient Test Emissions

Vehicle Versus Engine Emissions

HDDV Emission Factors

Speed Correction Factors

HEAVY-DUTY TRUCK FUEL ECONOMY

Average Fuel Economy

Fuel Economy Dependence on Speed.

Emission Conversion Factor

Appendix B Review of Empirical Studies of Induced Traffic

FACILITY-SPECIFIC STUDIES

AREAWIDE STUDIES

TRAVEL TIME ELASTICITIES

NOTE

ABBREVIATION

Appendix C Impact of Changes in Highway Capacity on Truck Travel

GENERAL IMPACT OF CHANGES IN HIGHWAY CAPACITY

Extensiveness of Existing Highway Network

Limited Exposure of Trucks to Congestion

Low Freight Transportation Costs

SPECIFIC RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN HIGHWAY CAPACITY

Reallocation of Truck Travel

Changes in Travel Hour

Changes in Route

Changes in Destination

Induced Travel

Changes in the Number of Trips

Changes in Trip Length

Changes in Mode

TRENDS

TRUCKS, CONGESTION, AND SAFETY

MODELING TRUCK TRAVEL

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix D Review of Studies of Transportation Investments and Land Use

MAJOR HIGHWAY INVESTMENTS

Beltways

Major Capacity Expansions

Development Patterns

Development Decisions

MAJOR RAIL INVESTMENTS

U.S. Rail Transit Impacts

Canadian Rail Transit Impacts

Appendix E Minority Statement of Michael A. Replogle

KEY FINDINGS

INDUCED TRAFFIC EFFECTS: FINDINGS FROM A MAJOR UNITED KINGDOM STUDY

DETERMINANTS OF TRAVEL DEMAND

Effects of Subsidies

Effects of Added Highway Capacity on Freight Travel Demand

Effects of Added Highway Capacity in Built-Up Areas

Consideration of Alternatives to Highway Capacity Expansion

London

Copenhagen

EFFECT OF REDUCED HIGHWAY SPEED AND CAPACITY

Reducing Road Speed and Capacity with Traffic Calming

Reducing Road Capacity with Traffic Cells for Environmental Benefit

EFFECT OF HIGHWAY CAPACITY ADDITIONS ON METROPOLITAN FORM.

DATA COLLECTION, MODEL DEVELOPMENT, AND RESEARCH NEEDS

THE BUILD-NO-BUILD TEST AND REGULATORY BACKLASH

New Scientific Uncertainty or Just a New Backlash?

Real Problems with Build-No-Build

Highlight Near-Term Model Reform Needs

Study Committee Biographical Information.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

1-280-21064-8

9786610210640

0-309-58861-8

OCLC:

726823368