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Fire and smoke : understanding the hazards / Committee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.
- Format:
- Book
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Fire prevention.
- Fire protection engineering.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (x, 156 pages) : illustrations
- Edition:
- 1st ed.
- Place of Publication:
- Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1986.
- Language Note:
- English
- Contents:
- FIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS
- Copyright
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- PREFACE
- Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT
- ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD
- THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES
- SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
- CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH
- THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT
- 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD
- THE BURNING PROCESS
- A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE
- FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT
- DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD
- QUANTIFYING HAZARD
- TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE
- TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE
- BURNING OF A SINGLE ITEM
- BURNING OF MULTIPLE ITEMS
- 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND TEST METHODS
- DETECTION MODELS
- MODELS FOR TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE
- THE HARVARD MODELS
- OTHER TWO-LAYER MODELS
- FIELD MODELS
- EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS FOR MODEL FOR TAE
- MODELS FOR TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE
- TEST METHODS FOR MODEL INPUT DATA
- BURNING RATE
- RATE OF PRODUCTION OF SMOKE AND TOXICANTS
- TOXICITY DATA
- IGNITABILITY
- SUMMARY
- 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES
- HEAT
- OXYGEN DEPLETION
- SMOKE
- WATER
- PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS)
- GASES
- Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
- Hydrogen Cyanide
- IRRITANTS
- Hyrdrogen Chloride
- Hydrogen Fluoride
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Dioxide
- Hydrogen Sulfide
- ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- FREE RADICALS
- INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS
- HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES
- IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
- EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS
- LONG-TERM SEQUELAE
- Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures
- Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures
- Cancer
- 5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE
- USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN.
- CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY
- TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT
- BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY
- LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA
- GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD
- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD
- UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD
- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS
- Acute Toxicity
- Anatomic Changes
- Test Subjects
- Physical Test Characteristics
- Furnace Dimensions
- Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability
- Heating Regimen
- Combustion Chamber Atmosphere
- Exposure System
- Physical Artifacts
- Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests
- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT
- TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS
- FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE
- OBSERVATIONAL METHODS
- Motorized Activity Wheels
- Hind-Leg Flexion
- Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress
- OTHER METHODS
- Unsignaled-Shock Avoidance/Escape
- Water-Reinforced Task
- Rotorod with Electrified Grill Floor
- Multisensory Conditioned Pole-Climb Avoidance
- Analysis of Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid to Detect Acute Nonlethal Lung Toxicity
- 6 GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES
- CASE STUDY 1: BURNING OF AN UPHOLSTERED CHAIR
- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS
- Environment
- Fuel and Ignition
- Conditions of Exposure
- STEP:COMPUTING TAE AS A FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
- Fire Model
- Burning of Upholstered Furniture
- Results of Calculations
- STEP 3: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE
- STEP 4: SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
- CASE STUDY 2: CONCEALED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
- STEP 2: COMPUTING TAE AS FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
- Fire Buildup in Room
- Thermal Condition Behind Wall
- Response to Thermal Conditions Behind the Wall
- Contribution of Two Fires to Smoke.
- STEPS 3 AND 4: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE AND SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES
- DEFINING THE SCENARIO
- RELATING TAE TO FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
- SELECTING MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE
- SPECIFYING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
- REFERENCES.
- Notes:
- Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph
- Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-156).
- ISBN:
- 9786610186389
- 9781280186387
- 1280186380
- 9780309568609
- 0309568609
- OCLC:
- 57762895
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