Military strategies for sustainment of nutrition and immune function in the field.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Institute of Medicine Staff, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Nutrition.

Immune system.

Soldiers--United States--Nutrition.

Soldiers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (722 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : National Academy Press, c1999.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Every aspect of immune function and host defense is dependent upon a proper supply and balance of nutrients. Severe malnutrition can cause significant alteration in immune response, but even subclinical deficits may be associated with an impaired immune response, and an increased risk of infection. Infectious diseases have accounted for more off-duty days during major wars than combat wounds or nonbattle injuries. Combined stressors may reduce the normal ability of soldiers to resist pathogens, increase their susceptibility to biological warfare agents, and reduce the effectiveness of vaccines intended to protect them. There is also a concern with the inappropriate use of dietary supplements. This book, one of a series, examines the impact of various types of stressors and the role of specific dietary nutrients in maintaining immune function of military personnel in the field. It reviews the impact of compromised nutrition status on immune function; the interaction of health, exercise, and stress (both physical and psychological) in immune function; and the role of nutritional supplements and newer biotechnology methods reported to enhance immune function. The first part of the book contains the committee's workshop summary and evaluation of ongoing research by Army scientists on immune status in special forces troops, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The rest of the book contains papers contributed by workshop speakers, grouped under such broad topics as an introduction to what is known about immune function, the assessment of immune function, the effect of nutrition, and the relation between the many and varied stresses encountered by military personnel and their effect on health.

Contents:

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field

Copyright

PREFACE

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

COMMITTEE TASKS AND PROCEDURES

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

COMMITTEE'S TASK

OVERVIEW OF NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND IMMUNE FUNCTION

Background

FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS

Nutritional Status

Nutritional Supplements

RECOMMENDATIONS

Optimizing General Health Status

Optimizing Nutritional Status

Nutritional Supplement Use

Research Methodology

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

REFERENCES

I COMMITTEE SUMMARY, RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 A Review of the Role of Nutrition in Immune Function

THE COMMITTEE'S TASK

STAGE SETTING: THE MILITARY SITUATION

The Army's Interest in Nutrition and Immune Function

U.S. Army Training Courses

Norwegian Ranger Training

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE FUNCTION

Current State of Knowledge of the Field

Emerging Infections, Nutritional Status, and Immunity

The Cytokine System

ASSESSMENT OF IMMUNE FUNCTION

Assessment Techniques

Considerations in Study Design

NUTRITION

Nutrients with Roles Implicated in Immune Function

Protein and Amino Acids

Vitamins

Fatty Acids

Amount of Fatty Acid Intake

Amount of n-6 PUFA

Amount of n-3 PUFA

Minerals

Iron

Zinc

Copper

Selenium

Other Factors

Alcohol

HEALTH AND STRESS

Exercise, Infection, and Immunity

Hormonal Responses to Stress

The Stress Response Model

Neuroendocrine Consequences of Systemic Inflammation

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal System

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid System

Pituitary-Gonadal System

Growth Hormone

Inflammatory Stress and the Immune System

Biologic Rhythms in the Immune System and Nutrition.

Biologic Rhythms in the Number and Function of White Blood Cells

Biologic Rhythms in Cytokines and Their Inhibitors

Biologic Rhythmicity of the Humoral Immune Response

Potential Clinical Relevance of Biologic Rhythms in Immune Function

Factors That Interact with Circadian Rhythms in Immune Function

Chronopharmacology and Chronotherapeutics

Effects of Other Stressors on Immune Function

Extremes of Temperature

Exposure to High Altitude

Sleep Deprivation

Emotional Stress

Smoking and Environmental Pollutants

Effects of Combined Stressors

SUMMARY

References

2 Committee Responses to Questions

RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS POSED BY THE ARMY

Technical Issues

Methodologic Issues

3 Committee Conclusions and Recommendations

CONCLUSIONS

General Health Status

II STAGE SETTING: THE MILITARY SITUATION

4 Why Is the Army Interested in Nutrition and Immune Function?

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

IMMUNE SUPPRESSION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO OPERATIONAL STRESSORS

MILITARY MODELS TO STUDY OPERATIONAL STRESSORS

MECHANISMS OF INCREASED INFECTION SUSCEPTIBILITY: ARMY-USDA COOPERATIVE RESEARCH DATA

SPECIFIC NUTRITIONAL FIXES AND THE PROMISE OF IMMUNE SUSTAINMENT AND POTENTIAL SUPERIMMUNITY

DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: ARMY RESEARCHERS AS THE HONEST BROKERS

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS

DISCUSSION

5 Physiological and Immunological Impact of U.S. Army Special Operations Training

RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

RESULTS

Studies Involving Ranger Training

Studies Involving Special Forces Assessment and Selection Training.

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6 Immune Function Studies During the Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy

The Ranger Training Course of the Norwegian Military Academy

IMMUNE CHANGES DURING NORWEGIAN RANGER TRAINING

Changes in Parameters of Immune Function

Leukocyte Numbers

Plasma Levels of Immunoglobulins

Interleukins

Lymphocyte Mitogenic Response

Changes in Phagocyte Function

Granulocyte Functions

Monocytes

Effect of Reducing the Calorie Deficiency

Neuropeptide Effect During Norwegian Ranger Training

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide

Catecholamines

Adrenoglucocorticoid Regulation of Phagocyte Function in Animal Studies

AUTHOR'S SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

III INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNE FUNCTION

7 Nutrition and Immune Responses: What Do We Know?

GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMMUNE RESPONSES IN ALTERED NUTRITIONAL STATUS

Nutrient Deficiencies

Nutrient Excesses

OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING IMMUNE RESPONSES

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR BOOSTING IMMUNITY

CONCLUDING REMARKS

8 Cytokines and Nutritional Status: Possible Correlations and Investigations

What Are the Cytokines?

The Nature of the Cytokines

Biochemistry

Mode of Action

Principles of Cytokine Action

Cytokine Experimentation

Classification of the Cytokines

Inflammatory Cytokines

T- and B-Lymphocyte Growth Factors

Hematopoietic Growth and Differentiation Factors

Chemotactic Agents

Inhibitory/Regulatory Factors

Cytotoxic/Cytostatic Inducers and Effectors

Other Growth Factors

Measurement of Cytokines

Sample Types and Preparation

Clinical Use of Cytokines

Cytokines and Nutrition: Author's Observations and Recommendations

References.

DISCUSSION

IV ASSESSMENT

9 Methodological Issues in Assessment of Human Immune Function

RATIONALE FOR IMMUNE ASSESSMENT

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEST SYSTEM

In Vivo Assessment of Immune Response

In Vitro Assessment of Immune Response

Proliferative Response

Development of Effector Cell Response

Assessment of Cell Types by Flow Cytometry

10 Application of Whole-Blood Cultures to Field Study Measurements of Cellular Immune Function In Vitro

METHODS AND RESULTS

Blood Donors

Blood Collection

Lymphocyte Proliferation in Whole-Blood Cultures

Amount of Blood per Culture

Duration of Incubation of Whole-Blood Cultures

Duration of 3H-Thymidine Label of Whole-Blood Cultures

Finalized Durations of Cell Culture and 3H-Thymidine Labeling

Data Presentation of Lymphocyte Proliferation in Whole-Blood Cultures

Effects of Holding and Shipping Blood on Whole-Blood Lymphocyte Proliferation

Cytokine Production and Receptor Release In Vitro

Concentration of Stimulant per Culture

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION

V NUTRITION

11 Glutamine

PHYSIOLOGIC BIOCHEMISTRY

GLUTAMINE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION

GLUTAMINE AND THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

AUTHOR'S DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

12 Vitamin A and Immune Function

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS

VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AS AN IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDER

CONSIDERATIONS FOR ADULT MEN AND WOMEN

13 Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Immune Response: Recent Advances

AGING

Vitamin E

Vitamin C

CANCER

AIDS.

ASTHMA AND LUNG FUNCTION

EXERCISE

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

14 Fatty Acids and Immune Functions

AMOUNT OF FAT INTAKE AND HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

N-6 PUFA AND HUMAN IR

N-3 PUFA AND HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

CLINICAL TRIALS WITH N-3 PUFA

MECHANISMS BY WHICH DIETARY FAT ALTERS IMMUNE RESPONSE

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

15 Iron Metabolism, Microbial Virulence, and Host Defenses

IRON METABOLISM

IRON ACQUISITION BY MICROBES

EFFECTS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ON IMMUNE FUNCTION

EFFECTS OF IRON EXCESS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION

CLINICAL DATA IN IRON DEFICIENCY AND IRON EXCESS

IMPLICATIONS OF IRON DEFICIENCY FOR THE MILITARY

16 Trace Minerals, Immune Function, and Viral Evolution

ZINC

COPPER

Cu-Zn Interactions

SELENIUM

AUTHOR'S SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

VI HEALTH AND STRESS

17 Exercise, Infection, and Immunity: Practical Applications

EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO ACUTE EXERCISE BOUTS

Mechanisms Behind the Acute Immune Response to Exercise

Practical Applications for Exercise Prescription

CHRONIC EXERCISE AND IMMUNITY

NK Cell Activity

Cross-Sectional Studies

Prospective Studies

Neutrophil Function

T-Cell Function

Other Measures of Immunity

EXERCISE AND UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS

The J Curve

Heavy Exertion and Risk of URTI

Moderate Exercise and Risk of URTI

Public Health Recommendations

INFECTION AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE

Exercise Recommendations During Infection

EXERCISE AND HIV INFECTION

Practical Recommendations

EXERCISE, AGING, AND IMMUNITY.

PRACTICAL GUIDELINES FOR MILITARY RECRUITS AND ATHLETES.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

"Nutrition and Immunue Function: A selected bibliography"--p. 581-656.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610186051

9780309173186

0309173183

9781280186059

1280186054

9780309556965

0309556961

9780585055411

0585055416

OCLC:

44957616