The role of protein and amino acids in sustaining and enhancing performance / Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Committee on Body Composition, Nutrition and Health, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Military Nutrition Research.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Proteins in human nutrition.

Amino acids in human nutrition.

Soldiers--United States--Nutrition.

Soldiers.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (447 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1999.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.

Contents:

The Role of Protein and Amino Acids in Sustaining and Enhancing Performance

Copyright

Preface

HISTORY OF THE COMMITTEE

FOCUS OF THE REPORT

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

Executive Summary

COMMITTEE'S TASK

METHODS

FINDINGS

Effect of Stressors on Protein Requirements of Military Personnel

Baseline Protein and Amino Acid Requirements

Physical Activity

Infection, Injury, and Illness

Other Stressors

THE MRDA FOR PROTEIN

Pregnancy and Lactation

Benefits and Risks of Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Alternative Sources of Dietary Protein

Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Cognitive Performance

Protein, Amino Acids, Muscle Mass, and Physical Performance

Protein, Amino Acids, and Immune Function

Issues of Protein Quality and Timing of Consumption

Dietary Protein and Renal Function

Dietary Protein and Calcium Status

Amino Acid Toxicity

Protein and Amino Acid Supplements and Pregnancy

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Effects of Stressors on Protein Requirements

Military Recommended Dietary Allowances for Protein

Benefits and Risks of Supplemental Protein, Amine Acids, and Alternative Sources of Dietary Protein

REFERENCES

I Committee Summary and Recommendations

1 Committee Overview

INTRODUCTION

THE ARMY'S INTEREST IN DIETARY PROTEIN AND PROTEIN BALANCE

ESTIMATION OF PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS

Protein Metabolism

Methods for Assessment of Protein Requirements

FAO/WHO/UNU Requirements and RDAs: Current Estimates of Average Protein Intake

Importance of the Debate over Indispensable Amino Acid Requirements

Argument for Higher Indispensable Amine Acid Requirements

Argument Against Higher Indispensable Amino Acid Requirements

The Rebuttal

Resolution of the Debate.

STRESSORS THAT INFLUENCE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS

Physical Activity and Energy Restriction

Exercise and Amino Acid Catabolism

Contractile Activity and Muscle Protein Turnover

Energy Balance and Protein Requirements

Heat

Cold and High Altitude

Combined Stressors

Protein Intake Studies of Military Personnel

Pregnancy, Lactation, and the MRDA for Protein

Summary

PERFORMANCE BENEFITS AND HEALTH RISKS OF SUPPLEMENTAL PROTEIN, AMINOACIDS, AND PLANT PROTEINS

Supplement Use Among Army Personnel

Protein and Amine Acid Supplements and Cognitive Performance

Tryptophan

Tyrosine

Measurement of Muscle Mass

Control of Muscle Mass and Function

Hormonal Interactions

Catabolic Hormones

Effects of Protein, Energy, and Amine Acid Supplementation on Physical Performance

Protein and Energy Intake in Long-Distance Cyclists

The Fatigue Theory

Amine Acids and Immune Function

Potential Benefits of Plant and Legume Proteins

Effects of Timing of Protein Intake

Risks Associated with High-Protein Diets and Supplements

Protein and Renal Function

Protein and Calcium Status

Toxicity of Amino Acid Supplements

2 Responses to Questions, Conclusions, and Recommendations

II AUTHORED PAPERS AND WORKSHOP DISCUSSIONS

3 Protein and Amino Acids: Physiological Optimization for Current and Future Military Operational Scenarios

4 Overview of Garrison, Field, and Supplemental Protein Intake by U.S. Military Personnel

PROTEIN AVAILABILITY FROM OPERATIONAL RATIONS

HISTORIC RATION INTAKE

CURRENT RATION INTAKE.

Energy and Protein Intakes of Military Men

Energy and Protein Intakes of Military Women

DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS FOR OPERATIONAL RATIONS

SUPPLEMENT INTAKE

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5 The Energy Costs of Protein Metabolism: Lean and Mean on Uncle Sam's Team

ORIGIN OF THE WORD "PROTEIN

FUNCTIONS OF BODY PROTEINS AND AMINO ACIDS

PROTEIN METABOLISM AS AN ENERGY-REQUIRING PROCESS

ENERGY COSTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND REGULATION

ENERGY COSTS OF PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

CONCLUSION

DISCUSSION

6 Regulation of Muscle Mass and Function: Effects of Aging and Hormones

SARCOPENIA OF AGING

HORMONAL EFFECTS ON MUSCLE PROTEIN

Insulin

Growth Hormone and IGF-I

Sex Steroids

CATABOLIC HORMONES (GLUCAGON, CORTISOL, EPINEPHRINE, AND THYROID HORMONES)

SUBSTRATES AND NUTRITION

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

7 Effects of Protein Intake on Renal Function and on the Development of Renal Disease

NEPHROLITHIASIS

Calcium Excretion and Calcium-Containing Stones

Calcium Intake

Determinants of Calcium Clearance

Patterns of Urinary Excretion in Stone Formers

Uric Acid Stones

Prophylactic Treatment of Nephrolithiasis

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

PROTEIN INTAKE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

8 Infection and Injury: Effects on Whole Body Protein Metabolism

BACKGROUND AND GENERAL RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS

THE TRANSLOCATION OF NITROGEN FROM CARCASS TO VISCERA

REGULATORS OF THE TRANSLOCATION OF PROTEIN

CONCLUSIONS

9 Inherent Difficulties in Defining Amino Acid Requirements

BACKGROUND TO THE CURRENT CONTROVERSY

METABOLIC BACKGROUND

Obligatory Metabolic Demand.

Obligatory Metabolic Demands and Obligatory Oxidative Losses

Use of the Obligative Oxidative Loss Pattern to Predict a Requirement Pattern

Animal Data for the Pattern of the Obligatory Metabolic Demand

The Adaptive Component of the Metabolic Demand

Diurnal Cycling: A Qualitative Influence on Metabolic Demand?

Summary of the Metabolic Demand for Indispensable Amine Acids

FAO REQUIREMENT VALUES AND N BALANCE STUDIES

Are There Robust N Balance Data that Support the FAO Requirement Values?

Biological Value of Plant Proteins in Human N Balance Trials

Adjustment of the Food and Agriculture Organization Requirement Values

Stable Isotope Estimates of Requirement Values

Toronto "Break Point" Studies

Functional Indicators of Adequacy of Intakes Allowing Zero Balance

Protein Turnover

Other Metabolic Influences of Amino Acids

10 Amino Acid Flux and Requirements: Counterpoint

Tentative Estimates Are Feasible and Necessary

Proposed Massachusetts Institute of Technology Amine Acid Requirement Pattern

Adaptive Aspects of Amino Acid Metabolism

Diurnal Cycling and Amine Acid Requirements

Nitrogen Balance and Estimations of IAA Requirements

The MIT Amino Acid Requirement Pattern and Physical Activity

Author's Conclusions and Recommendations

11 Physical Exertion, Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism, and Protein Requirements

EXERCISE AND AMINO ACID CATABOLISM

EFFECTS OF CONTRACTILE ACTIVITY ON MUSCLE PROTEIN TURNOVER

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENERGY SUPPLY AND PROTEIN AND AMINE ACID METABOLISMIN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASED ...

POSSIBLE BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACID SUPPLEMENTATION.

GLUTAMINE, THE OVERTRAINING SYNDROME AND IMMUNE FUNCTION

THE CRUCIAL QUESTIONS

12 Skeletal Muscle Markers

Method Organization

AVAILABLE METHODS

Anthropometry

Ultrasound

Bioelectric Impedance Analysis

Urinary Metabolites

Imaging Methods

Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

In Vive Neutron Activation/Whole Body Counting

Monitoring Changes in Skeletal Muscle Mass Over Time

13 Alterations in Protein Metabolism Due to the Stress of Injury and Infection

ANABOLIC HORMONES

I DISCUSSION

14 Amino Acid and Protein Requirements: Cognitive Performance, Stress, and Brain Function

The Blood-Brain Barrier: A Key Determinant of Brain Nutritional Status

TRYPTOPHAN

TYROSINE

CHANGES IN AMINO ACIDS DURING FIELD STUDIES: UNDERNUTRITION AND MENTAL PERFORMANCE

AUTHOR'S CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

15 Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Glutamine, and Protein Hydrolysates: Rationale for Effects on ...

PROTEIN AND AMINE ACID METABOLISM IN ENDURANCE EXERCISE

BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINE ACIDS

Central Fatigue Hypothesis

Effects of Ingestion of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Tryptophan on Endurance Performance

Summary of Performance Studies with BCAA and Tryptophan

Interaction of the BCAA-Aminotransferase Reaction with the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle in Muscle

Effect of BCAA Ingestion on Plasma Ammonia Concentrations and Muscle Ammonia Production During Exercise

GLUTAMINE

Plasma Glutamine Concentrations Following Prolonged Exercise

Plasma Glutamine Concentrations in Overtrained Athletes and in Tour de France Cyclists

Link to Immune System.

GLYCOGEN RESYNTHESIS FOLLOWING EXERCISE.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610210381

9780309172813

0309172810

9781280210389

1280210389

9780309581196

0309581192

9780585135779

0585135770

OCLC:

559310309