Toxicity of military smokes and obscurants / Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants.

Series:

Compass series (Washington, D.C.)

Compass series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Combustion gases--Toxicology.

Combustion gases.

Smoke screens--Toxicology.

Smoke screens.

Diesel fuels--Toxicology.

Diesel fuels.

Hexachloroethane--Toxicology.

Hexachloroethane.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (131 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997-<c1999>

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A variety of smokes and obscurants have been developed and are used to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Obscurants are anthropogenic or naturally occurring particles suspended in the air that block or weaken transmission of particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and infrared radiation or microwaves. Fog, mist, and dust are examples of natural obscurants. Smokes are produced by burning or vaporizing some product. Red phosphorus smoke and graphite smoke are examples of anthropogenic obscurants. The U.S. Army seeks to ensure that exposure to smokes and obscurants during training does not have adverse health effects on military personnel or civilians. To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT), which convened the Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants. The subcommittee conducted a detailed evaluation of the toxicity of four obscuring smokes: white phosphorus, brass, titanium dioxide, and graphite. The results of the subcommittee's study are presented in this report, which is the second volume in the series. Toxicity data and exposure guidance levels for diesel-fuel, fog-oil, red phosphorus, and hexachloroethane smokes were presented in Volume 1. Seven colored smokes will be reviewed in a subsequent volume.

Contents:

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Copyright

Preface

Contents

List of Abbreviations

Summary

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL

White Phosphorus Smoke

Brass Smoke

Titanium Dioxide Smoke

Graphite Smoke

RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR COMMUNITIES NEAR MILITARY-TRAINING FACILITIES

1 Introduction

THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S TASK

DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS

APPROACH TO DEVELOPING EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS

Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels

Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels

Repeated Exposure Guidance Levels and Repeated Public Exposure Guidance Levels

Confidence Level in Using the Product of Uncertainty Factors

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

REFERENCES

2 White Phosphorus Smoke

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Military Applications

Occurrence and Use

Combustion Products

Measurement

TOXICOKINETICS

TOXICITY SUMMARY: WHITE PHOSPHORUS AND WHITE PHOSPHORUS SMOKE

White Phosphorus: Human and Animal Studies

White Phosphorus Smoke: Effects In Humans

White Phosphorus Smoke: Effects in Animals

Lethality

Respiratory Effects

Hepatic Effects

Renal Effects

Reproductive and Developmental Effects

Other End Points

Summary of Toxicity Data

PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS

SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Military Exposures

Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (EEGLs)

Repeated Exposure Guidance Level (REGL)

Public Exposures

Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs)

Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations

RESEARCH NEEDS

3 Brass Smoke

Physical and Chemical Properties

Toxicokinetics

Absorption and Distribution

Metabolism and Excretion.

TOXICITY SUMMARY

Effects in Humans

Effects in Animals

Inhalation Exposures

One-Time Exposures

Pulmonary Effects

Gastrointestinal Effects

Mutagenic Effects

Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity

Repeated Exposures

Other Systemic Effects

Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects

Dermal, Ocular, and Oral Exposures

In Vitro Studies

Noncarcinogenic Effects

Carcinogenic Effects

Repeated Public Exposure Guidance Level (RPEGL)

4 Titanium Dioxide Smoke

TOXICITY SUMMARY

Effects In Animals

Mutagenic and Genotoxic Effects

Effects on Host Defense.

Dermal and Ocular Exposures

Skin and Eye Irritation

Summary Of Toxicity Data

Noncancer Effects

Public Exposures.

Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs)

Summary Of Subcommittee Recommendations

5 Graphite Smoke

Oral Exposures

Intratracheal Exposures

Intraperitoneal Injection

Dermal Exposures

Ocular Exposures

In Vitro Tests

Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGL)

REFERENCES.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-309-18422-3

1-280-18617-8

9786610186174

0-309-59692-0

0-585-08596-X

OCLC:

60365398