Effects of ionizing radiation : atomic bomb survivors and their children (1945-1995) / Leif E. Peterson and Seymour Abrahamson, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Peterson, Leif E., 1957-

Abrahamson, Seymour.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Radiation carcinogenesis.

Atomic bomb--Physiological effect.

Atomic bomb.

Atomic bomb victims--Diseases.

Atomic bomb victims.

Children of atomic bomb victims--Diseases.

Children of atomic bomb victims.

Physical Description:

xviii, 379 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : Joseph Henry Press, 1998.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

In the decades since the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, economic and political trends have opened avenues for radiation research while breakthroughs in molecular biology have shed light on radiation's effect on the human body. This volume comprehensively reviews what is now known about human exposure to ionizing radiation, with emphasis on unifying the scientific disciplines that inform this topic. Today's most widely recognized experts in the field examine four broad areas: Physics and dosimetry, including the various systems of A-bomb survivor dosimetry, the effect on survivors of subsequent medical radiation, and chromosome aberrations as biomarkers. Cancer statistics and epidemiology, including a historical review of leukemia risk in A-bomb survivors, the incidence of solid cancer and resulting mortality, and the results of studies of workers exposed to low-level radiation. Genetics, including the path from radiation exposure to cellular effects, carcinogenesis, and mutagenesis. Experts discuss the interaction between radiation and other cancer risk factors, review models of radiation-induced cancer, and report on other aspects of molecular biology. Psychological effects of radiation catastrophes--as seen at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Three Mile Island, and Chernobyl--and consequences of the Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law.

Contents:

Effects Of Ionizing Radiation

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Part 1 Radiation Physics And Dosimetry

1 Development of A-Bomb Survivor Dosimetry

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

TENTATIVE 1957 DOSES (T57D)

TENTATIVE 1965 DOSES (T65D)

DISCUSSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

2 The Origin of DS86

REASSESSING A-BOMB SURVIVOR DOSIMETRY

THE CREATION OF DS86

FROM 1986 TO 1995

A GLIMPSE OF THE FUTURE

3 Medical Radiation Exposures of Atomic Bomb Survivors

HOSPITAL AND CLINIC SURVEYS

Practices of Hospitals and Clinics

Trends in Radiation Therapy

Interviews of the Atomic Bomb Survivors

DOSIMETRY

Dosimetry of Diagnostic X-Ray Exposures

Dosimetry of Radiation Therapy Exposures

MEDICAL RADIATION DOSE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Cumulative Dose from Diagnostic X-Ray Exposures

Radiation Therapy Doses in the Double Primary Cancer Cases

Dose Response to Chromosome Aberrations

4 Biodosimetry of Atomic Bomb Survivors by Karyotyping, Chromosome Painting, and Electron Spin Resonance

CONVENTIONAL STAINING METHOD

General Information

Dose-Response Relationship

Clonal Aberrations

Random Errors Associated With DS86

G-BANDING METHOD

General information

Comparison Between the Conventional and G-Banding Results

5q- Clones

FLUORESCENCE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH) METHOD

FISH Versus G-Banding or Conventional Method

Detection Limit of a Translocated Segment by FISH

ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE METHOD

Results for 100 Teeth

Issues Related to Cytogenetic Outliers and Severe Epilation

FUTURE PROSPECTS

Usefulness of the Conventional Method

City Difference

Shielding Categories

ESR Versus Chromosome Aberrations.

Clonal Aberrations

Cytogenetic Epidemiology

Biodosimetry of the Exposed Parent(s) for Genetic Study

Part 2 Cancer Statistics And Epidemiology

5 Statistical Aspects of RERF Cancer Epidemiology

EVOLUTION OF STATISTICAL METHODS

SOME RECENT RESULTS

6 A Historical Review of Leukemia Risks in Atomic Bomb Survivors

ASCERTAINMENT OF LEUKEMIA CASES

ANALYSES OF LEUKEMIA RISKS IN THE A-BOMB SURVIVORS

CURRENT RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

7 Tumor Registries and Cancer Incidence Studies

THE EARLY YEARS

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

CURRENT CANCER INCIDENCE DATA

Data Quality

Solid Cancer Risk

RELATED CANCER STUDIES

8 Solid Cancer Incidence and Mortality in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULTS

9 Studies of Workers Exposed to Low Levels of External Radiation

INDIVIDUAL STUDIES OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO EXTERNAL RADIATION

STATISTICAL METHODS USED TO ANALYZE DATA FROM WORKER STUDIES

External Comparisons

Dose-Response Analysis

RESULTS OF DOSE-RESPONSE ANALYSES IN INDIVIDUAL STUDIES

COMBINED ANALYSES OF DATA ON NUCLEAR WORKERS

Description of National and International Combined Analyses

Results of Combined Analyses of All Cancers Excluding Leukemia and Leukemia Excluding Chronic Lymphocytic Leuk ...

Results of Combined Analyses of Specific Cancer Types

ADDITIONAL UNCERTAINTIES IN RISK ESTIMATES DERIVED FROM NUCLEAR WORKER STUDIES

Confounding

Dosimetry

Part 3 Mutagenesis And Carcinogenesis

10 Studies on the Genetic Effects of the Atomic Bombs: Past, Present, and Future

BRIEF SUMMARY OF PAST STUDIES ON THE GENETIC EFFECTS OF ATOMIC BOMBS.

A COMPARISON OF THE FINDINGS IN HIROSHIMA-NAGASAKI WITH STUDIES OF THE GENETIC EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION O...

SOME CURRENT USES OF THE RESULTS OF THE ABCC/RERF GENETIC STUDIES

NEW TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING THE GENETIC EFFECTS OF ATOMIC BOMBS

A DGGE System

The Use of Minisatellites

Two-Dimensional DNA Gels

CAN A BRIDGE BE BUILT BETWEEN SOMATIC CELL GENETIC STUDIES IN A-BOMB SURVIVORS AND GERM-LINE STUDIES IN THEIR ...

CANCER PREVALENCE IN PERSONS SUBJECTED TO INCREASED RADIATION EXPOSURES AS A SURROGATE FOR GENETIC STUDIES ON ...

IF WE HAD IT TO DO OVER AGAIN

11 Radiation, Signal Transduction, and Modulation of Intercellular Communication

UNDERSTANDING LOW-LEVEL RADIATION EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH: FROM MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TO HUMAN EPIDEMIOLOGY

RADIATION CARCINOGENESIS: NO ONE THING "CAUSES" CANCER

IONIZING RADIATION AS A MUTAGEN: INITIATOR OR PROGRESSOR?

IONIZING RADIATION AS A CYTOTOXICANT

IONIZING RADIATION AS EPIGENETIC AGENT VIA INDUCTION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS

RADIATION, THE REDOX STATE, AND CELL-CELL COMMUNICATION

DOES LOW-DOSE IONIZING RADIATION EXPOSURE CAUSE CANCER?

12 Interaction Between Radiation Dose and Other Cancer Risk Factors

MAIN EFFECTS: RADIATION

MAIN EFFECTS: SMOKING

INTERACTION: SMOKING AND RADIATION DOSE

MAIN EFFECTS: REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY

INTERACTION: RADIATION AND REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY

SUPPLEMENTARY ANALYSES

13 A Simplified Model of Radiation Carcinogenesis in the Atomic Bomb Survivors

HYPOTHESIS

SOMATIC MUTATION IN SURVIVORS

THE ROLE OF MUTATION IN CARCINOGENESIS

THE FIT OF A MUTATIONAL MODEL IN THE SURVIVORS

SOME CAVEATS

14 Mechanistic Modeling of Radiation-Induced Cancer

ARMITAGE-DOLL MULTISTAGE MODEL.

TWO-MUTATION MODEL

GENERALIZED MVK AND MULTISTAGE MODELS

MULTIPLE PATHWAY MODELS

15 The Distinction in Radiobiology Between Medical and Public Health Functions

CLASSICAL MT FUNCTIONS

For Pharmaceuticals

For Acute Radiation Responses

LINEAR FUNCTIONS

PH PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS

Cellular Analysis

ADDITIONAL RAMIFICATIONS: RISK COEFFICIENTS

The Linear Hypothesis

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

16 Molecular Analyses of In Vivo hprt Mutations in Humans

THE ASSAYS FOR HPRT MUTATIONS ARISING IN VIVO IN HUMAN T LYMPOCYTES

Short-Term Assays

Cloning Assay

Quantitative Results: Estimations of In Vivo hprt Mutations in Humans

QUALITATIVE RESULTS: MOLECULAR MUTATION SPECTRA

TCR Gene Rearrangements in hprt Mutants

Molecular Characterization of In Vivo hprt Mutations

Mutagenic Mechanisms with Carcinogenic Potential are Captured in hprt

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

17 Evolution of the Glycophorin A Assay for Measuring Biological Effects of Radiation on Humans

Basis of the Assay

EVOLUTION OF THE ASSAY

1W1: The First Glycophorin A Assay

Description

Application to A-bomb Survivors

SBS Assay

BR6 Assay

Comparison to Cytogenetics

Chernobyl

DB6 Assay

Part 4 Psychosocial Factors

18 Psychological Effects of Radiation Catastrophes

RESEARCH EVIDENCE

Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Three Mile Island (TMI)

OVERVIEW OF THE TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

RISK FACTORS

MODIFYING FACTORS

19 Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law.

SUMMARY

CIRCUMSTANCES LEADING TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NEW LAW

OUTLINE OF THE NEW LAW

Differences Between the New Law and the Previous Two Laws

Responsibility of the Nation

Funeral Allowances

Commemorative Facility

Income Restriction

Welfare Activities

Research Support

Major Stipulations Included in the Two Old Laws Which are Also Prescribed in the New Law

Definition of Survivors

Budget for Relief Measures

COMMENTS

Part 5 Future Research

20 The Ultimate Questions: Future Research at RERF

THE PRESENT SITUATION, CONTINUED

FUTURE RESEARCH AT RERF

Radiosensitivity of Juveniles Relative to Adults

Excess Mortality Risk from Cancers

Noncancer Mortality Risks

Genetic Studies on First-Generation Offspring of A-Bomb Survivors

Low-Dose Radiation Effects and Mechanisms of Radiation Injury

Collaborative Studies on Other Exposed Populations

Bibliography

Contributors

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610210398

9780309174572

0309174570

9781280210396

1280210397

9780309556996

0309556996

9780585025292

0585025290

OCLC:

923267801