Ozone-forming potential of reformulated gasoline / Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline.

Series:

Compass series (Washington, D.C.)

The compass series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Reformulated gasoline--Environmental aspects.

Reformulated gasoline.

Ozone.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (270 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, c1999.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential for Reformulated Gasoline was asked whether the existing body of scientific and technical information is sufficient to permit a robust evaluation and comparison of the emissions from motor vehicles using different reformulated gasolines based on their ozone-forming potentials and to assess the concomitant impact of that approach on air-quality benefits of the use of oxygenates within the RFG program. As part of its charge, the committee was asked to consider (1) the technical soundness of various approaches for evaluating and comparing the relative ozone-forming potentials of RFG blends, (2) technical aspects of various air-quality issues related to RFG assessment, and (3) the sensitivity of evaluations of the relative ozone-forming potentials to factors related to fuel properties and the variability of vehicle technologies and driving patterns.

Contents:

Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

1. OZONE-PRECURSOR EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE-FUELED VEHICLES

2. HIGH-EMITTING MOTOR VEHICLES

3. THE USE OF REACTIVITY IN ASSESSING THE OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL OF EMISSIONS

4. RELATIVE REACTIVITY AS A MEANS OF COMPARING FUELS

5. REACTIVITY OF CO COMMISSIONS

6. OVERALL AIR-QUALITY BENEFIT OF RFG

7. EFFECT OF OXYGENATES IN RFG

8. MTBE BLENDS VERSUS ETHANOL BLENDS-EXHAUST EMISSIONS

9. MTBE BLENDS VERSUS ETHANOL BLENDS-EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS

10. REID VAPOR PRESSURE OF ETHANOL-CONTAINING FUEL

11. USE OF REACTIVITY TO EVALUATE RFGS

12. MODELS USED TO CHARACTERIZE EMISSIONS FROM RFG BLENDS

13. OPPORTUNITY TO TRACK EFFECTS OF PHASE II RFG PROGRAM

1 Introduction

THE OZONE-POLLUTION PROBLEM

HISTORY OF U.S. POLICIES TO MITIGATE OZONE POLLUTION

CHARGE TO NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE

REPORT STRUCTURE

2 Ozone Photochemistry

VOC LIMITATION VS NOX LIMITATION

REACTION PATHWAYS OF ETHANOL AND METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER

SUMMARY

3 The Concept of Ozone-Forming Potential and Its Quantification

REGULATORY APPLICATION OF VOC OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL USING REACTIVITY

QUANTIFYING OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL USING REACTIVITY

CHEMICAL MECHANISMS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT

REACTIVITY ASSESSMENTS USING SMOG CHAMBERS

AIR-QUALITY MODELS

Box- and Trajectory-Model Reactivity Assessments

Eulerian-Model Reactivity Assessments

UNCERTAINTIES IN SPECIES' REACTIVITIES DUE TO CHEMICAL-MECHANISM UNCERTAINTY

VARIABILITY OF OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

UNCERTAINTIES IN RELATIVE REACTIVITIES OF MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS

REACTIVITY FOR 1-HR PEAK AND 8-HR AVERAGED OZONE CONCENTRATIONS.

OUTSTANDING TECHNICAL ISSUES IN QUANTIFYING REACTIVITY

4 Motor Vehicles As a Source of Ozone Precursors

LIGHT-DUTY VEHICULAR EMISSIONS BY SOURCES AND REGULATION

Vehicular-Emissions Sources

Control Standards for These Sources

MAGNITUDES AND TRENDS OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICULAR EMISSIONS

INFLUENCE OF DRIVING PATTERNS ON EMISSIONS VARIABILITY

Off-Cycle Transient Events

Underrepresented Events

Variable Events

EMISSIONS DETERIORATION AND PROSPECTS FOR DETECTION

FUNCTIONALITY OF CATALYSTS, OXYGENATED FUELS, AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS

5 Reformulation of Gasoline

BASIC PROPERTIES

Volatility and Distillation Curve

Octane Number

Oxygenates in Fuels

Sulfur in Gasoline

FEDERAL AND CALIFORNIA REGULATION OF GASOLINE PROPERTIES

History of Federal Actions Before 1994

Corresponding California Actions

The Auto/Oil Study

WHAT IS REFORMULATED GASOLINE?

Federal RFG Program

California RFG Program

FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR RFG UNDER THE COMPLEX MODEL

THE CALIFORNIA PREDICTIVE MODEL

PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF COMPLEX AND PREDICTIVE MODELS

SPECIFICATION FLEXIBILITY AND DOWNSTREAM CONTROL IN FEDERAL PHASE II RFG

MODELING EVAPORATIVE VOC EMISSIONS FROM RFG FOR SIP DEVELOPMENT

6 The Effects of Reformulated Gasoline On Ozone and Its Precursors

WHAT CHANGES IN MOTOR-VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF VOCS, NOX, CO, OR AIR TOXICS ARE OBSERVED IN LABORATORY TESTS WHEN RFGS…

Emissions of Toxics

Emissions of VOCs

Exhaust Emissions of NOx

Effect of Fuel Sulfur Content of RFGs on Exhaust Emissions

Effect of RVP on Emissions

HAVE THE CHANGES IN EMISSIONS FROM RFG BLENDS INDICATED BY LABORATORY STUDIES BEEN OBSERVED IN EMISSION STUDIED USING…

Tunnel Studies

The 1994 Caldecott Tunnel Studies

The 1994-1997 Studies

Remote-Sensing Studies.

ARE THERE DATA TO SUPPORT MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC DATA TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF RFGS?

HAVE CHANGES IN HE CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR TOXICS OR OXYGENATED BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE…

HAVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CO BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE RELEATED TO THE USE RFGS?

HAVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE RELEATED TO THE USE OF…

DOCUMENTATION OF RFG EFFECTS IN A FUTURE OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAM

Question 1: Do in-use Phase H RFG blends decrease the emissions from LDVs?

Question 2: Are changes in emissions resulting from the use of Phase II RFG blends observable under driving conditions?

Question 3: Are changes in emissions resulting from the use of Phase II RFG blends observable as a signal in the ambient…

7 Using Ozone-Forming Potential to Evaluate the Relative Impacts of Reformulated Gasolines: A Case Study

ASSESSING WHETHER EMISSIONS AND REACTIVITY DIFFERENCES ARE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT

FUELS AND EMISSIONS DATA FROM THE AQIRP STUDY

Effect of Reid Vapor Pressure

Effect of Oxygenates Using MTBE

Effect of Ethanol vs. MTBE

FUELS AND EMISSIONS DATA FROM THE CALIFORNIA ETHANOL TESTING PROGRAM

IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ON THE BASIS OF VOC-MASS EMISSIONS AND THE REACTIVITY OF THE EMISSIONS?

ANALYSIS USING THE COMPLEX AND PREDICTIVE MODELS

References

Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline

Appendix B Letter from Senator Richard G. Lugar

Appendix C Equation Set for the Complex Model- Phase II RFG

I. BASIC VOC EXHAUST EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE (SUMMER)

II. CONSOLIDATED EXHAUST VOC EQUATIONS

III. CONSOLIDATED NON-EXHAUST VOC EQUATIONS (PHASE II).

IV. PHASE II TOTAL VOC EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE-SUMMER OZONE SEASON

V. SUMMER NOX EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE

VI. CONSOLIDATED NOX EQUATIONS

VII. SUMMER TOXICS EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE, PHASE II

VIII. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS-(1) BENZENE

IX. CONSOLIDATED BENZENE EQUATIONS

X. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS- (2) FORMALDEHYDE

XI. CONSOLIDATED FORMALDEHYDE EQUATIONS

XII. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS- (3) ACETALDEHYDE

XIII. CONSOLIDATED ACETALDEHYDE EQUATIONS

XIV. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS-(4) 1,3-BUTADIENE

XV. CONSOLIDATED 1,3-BUTADIENE EQUATIONS

XVI. POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER, MASS EMISSIONS (MILLIGRAMS PER MILE)

XVII. NON-EXHAUST BENZENE EMISSIONS (MILLIGRAMS PER MILE)

Appendix D Data on Emissions from Light-Duty Motor Vehicles Using Fuels Selected from the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement….

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610210329

9780309184069

0309184061

9781280210327

128021032X

9780309557023

030955702X

9780585135939

0585135932

OCLC:

43476864