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Potential radiation exposure in military operations : protecting the soldier before, during, and after / Committee on Battlefield Radiation Exposure Criteria, Fred A. Mettler, Jr., chairman ; Susan Thaul and Heather O'Maonaigh, editors ; Medical Follow-up Agency, Institute of Medicine.
- Format:
- Book
- Series:
- Compass series (Washington, D.C.)
- Compass series
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Ionizing radiation--Dosage.
- Ionizing radiation.
- Radiation--Safety measures.
- Radiation.
- Soldiers--Health and hygiene.
- Soldiers.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (159 p.)
- Edition:
- 1st ed.
- Place of Publication:
- Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1999.
- Language Note:
- English
- Summary:
- In 1996, NATO issued guidance for the exposure of military personnel to radiation doses different from occupational dose levels, but not high enough to cause acute health effects-and in doing so set policy in a new arena. Scientific and technological developments now permit small groups or individuals to use, or threaten to use, destructive devices (nuclear, biological, chemical, and cyber-based weaponry, among others) targeted anywhere in the world. Political developments, such as the loss of political balance once afforded by competing superpowers, have increased the focus on regional and subregional disputes. What doctrine should guide decisionmaking regarding the potential exposure of troops to radiation in this changed theater of military operations? In 1995, the Office of the U.S. Army Surgeon General asked the Medical Follow-up Agency of the Institute of Medicine to provide advice. This report is the final product of the Committee on Battlefield Radiation Exposure Criteria convened for that purpose. In its 1997 interim report, Evaluation of Radiation Exposure Guidance for Military Operations, the committee addressed the technical aspects of the NATO directive. In this final report, the committee reiterates that discussion and places it in an ethical context.
- Contents:
- Potential Radiation Exposure in Military Operations
- Copyright
- Reviewers
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Radiation Unit Conversion Chart
- Acronyms
- Contents
- Summary
- HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE
- RADIATION PHYSICS, RADIATION BIOLOGY, AND RADIATION SAFETY AND PROTECTION
- RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THE INTERIM REPORT
- Underlying Philosophy
- Terminology
- Prospective Risk Assessments
- Dosimetry
- Reference Levels for Operational Exposure Guidance
- ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
- Justifying Placing Individuals at Risk of Harm
- Training, Recordkeeping, and Reporting
- COMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS
- Balancing Future and Present Harm
- Philosophy of Radiation Protection
- Communicating Risk
- Radiation Dosimetry, Records, and Reporting
- Follow-Up
- 1 Introduction
- BACKGROUND
- REPORT LAYOUT
- ETHICS
- Military Context
- 2 Fundamentals of Radiation Safety and Protection
- RADIATION PHYSICS
- RADIATION UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
- Radiation Units
- Absorbed Dose
- Equivalent Dose
- Radiation Measurement
- SOURCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE
- RADIATION DOSE REDUCTION
- RADIATION BIOLOGY
- Deterministic Effects
- Stochastic Effects
- ASSESSMENT OF RADIOGENIC TUMOR RISK
- Risk Factors
- Dose Range Covered by the Guidelines in This Report
- Modification of Risk
- Age
- Sex
- Type of Radiation
- Dose Rate and Magnitude
- Tissue
- Heritable and In Utero Effects
- Interaction with Other Exposures
- How to Apply Risk Factors
- Putting the Risks in Perspective
- 3 Standard Practices in Occupational Radiation Protection
- CONTROL PHILOSOPHY
- RADIATION SAFETY TRAINING FOR OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES
- Requirements of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- Risk Communication-An Important Function in Decisions for Radiation Safety
- Training and Radiation Risk Perceptions
- RECORDS AND RECORDKEEPING
- REPORTING.
- 4 Current Paradigms for Radiation Protection in the U.S. Army
- OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
- NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES UP TO 700 MILLISIEVERT
- HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURES IN NUCLEAR WAR
- SUMMARY OF EXISTING ARMY PROGRAMS
- 5 Army Radiation Protection and Safety Programs in Light of Civilian Standard Practices and Recommendations for Improvement
- REVIEW OF THIS COMMITTEE'S INTERIM REPORT
- Underlying Philosophy of Radiation Protection
- Interim Report Recommendations
- Prospective Risk Assessment
- Definition of a Radiological Area
- Dosimetry Requirements
- Dose Units
- Internal Dose
- Dose Cumulation Times
- Recordkeeping
- GUIDANCE ON RADIATION PROTECTION
- Training
- Recordkeeping and Reporting Requirements
- Recordkeeping in Military Settings
- 6 Decisionmaking by Commanders
- INFORMATION
- JUSTIFICATION
- OPTIMIZATION
- COMMUNICATION
- 7 Follow-Up of Persons with Known or Suspected Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
- MEDICAL FOLLOW-UP
- Medical Assessment
- Medical Monitoring
- Medical Monitoring for Delayed Deterministic and Stochastic Effects of Radiation
- Effects of Accuracy of Monitoring and Disease Prevalence
- Assessment of the Benefit of Medical Monitoring
- Costs of Medical Monitoring
- Monitoring Sensitive Populations
- Screening for Specific Cancers
- Summary of Medical Monitoring Considerations
- Medical Testing
- Medical Care
- Medical Care for Early and Delayed Deterministic Effects
- Medical Care for Stochastic Effects
- Ethical and Legal Considerations: Follow-Up Programs
- EPIDEMIOLOGIC FOLLOW-UP
- Description and Rationale
- Issues of Study Design.
- Choice of Population and Outcome to be Studied
- Data Sources and Quality
- Military and Radiation-Specific Study Design Issues
- Ethical Issues
- Examples of Epidemiologic Studies of Military Exposures
- PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
- 8 Recommendations
- BALANCING FUTURE AND PRESENT HARM
- PHILOSOPHY OF RADIATION PROTECTION
- COMMUNICATING RISK
- RADIATION DOSIMETRY, RECORDS, AND REPORTING
- FOLLOW-UP
- References
- Appendix A The ACE Directive
- Appendix B Participants in Committee Meetings and Workshop
- Appendix C Biographical Summaries
- COMMITTEE MEMBERS
- STAFF.
- Notes:
- "Support for this project was provided by the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command under Contract No. DAMD17-96-C-6095"--T.p. verso.
- Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-118).
- ISBN:
- 9786610186006
- 9780309173025
- 0309173027
- 9781280186004
- 1280186003
- 9780309581103
- 0309581109
- 9780585076102
- 0585076103
- OCLC:
- 42855912
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