Toxicity of military smokes and obscurants / Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants.

Contributor:

Military Smokes and Obscurants Committee, Content Provider.

Series:

Compass series (Washington, D.C.)

Compass series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Combustion gases--Toxicology.

Combustion gases.

Smoke screens--Toxicology.

Smoke screens.

Diesel fuels--Toxicology.

Diesel fuels.

Hexachloroethane--Toxicology.

Hexachloroethane.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (107 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997-<c1999>

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A variety of smokes and obscurants have been developed and used to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Smokes are produced by burning or vaporizing particular products. Obscurants are anthropogenic or naturally occurring particles suspended in the air. They block or weaken transmission of particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and infrared radiation or microwaves. Fog, mist, and dust are examples of natural obscurants. White phosphorus and hexachloroethane smokes are examples of anthropogenic obscurants. The U.S. Army seeks to reduce the likelihood that exposure to smokes and obscurants during training would have adverse health effects on military personnel or civilians. To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) independently review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities.

Contents:

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Copyright

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

Preface

Contents

SUMMARY

SUBSTANCES EVALUATED

Old Smoke Formulations

New Smoke Formulations

Individual Dye Components

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Introduction

THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S TASK

SMOKES REVIEWED IN THIS REPORT

Composition of the Colored Smokes

OLD M18 GRENADES

NEW M18 GRENADES

Combustion Chemistry

Combustion Products

U.S. ARMY POLICY ON USE OF COLORED SMOKES

DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS

APPROACH FOR RECOMMENDING EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS

ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

REFERENCES

2 Old Smoke Formulations

YELLOW-SMOKE FORMULATION

Composition

Toxicokinetics

Toxicity of the Smoke Formulation and Its Combustion Products

Toxicity of Component Dyes

GREEN-SMOKE FORMULATION

RED-SMOKE FORMULATION

VIOLET-SMOKE FORMULATION

OVERALL EVALUATION OF TOXICITY

PREVIOUS RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS

SUBCOMMITTEE RECOMMENDATIONS

3 New Smoke Formulations

Combustion Products.

Toxicokinetics

Appendix A Benzanthrone

BACKGROUND

TOXICOKINETICS

TOXICITY SUMMARY

Effects in Humans

Effects in Animals

ONE-TIME EXPOSURE

REPEATED EXPOSURE

CARCINOGENICITY AND MUTAGENICITY

SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION OF DYE TOXICITY

Appendix B Vat Yellow 4

Appendix C Solvent Yellow 33

DERMAL EXPOSURES

INHALATION EXPOSURES

ORAL EXPOSURES

MUTAGENICITY STUDIES

Appendix D Solvent Green 3

REPEATED EXPOSURES

Appendix E Solvent Red 1

Mutagenicity

Appendix F Disperse Red 9

DERMAL EXPOSURE

INHALATION EXPOSURE

OCULAR EXPOSURE

ORAL EXPOSURE.

MUTAGENICITY AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES

Appendix G Disperse Red 11

Appendix H 1,4-Diamino-2,3-Dihydroanthraquinone

Mutagenicity Studies

Appendix I 1,4-Diaminoanthraquinone

REFERENCES.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

0-309-18429-0

1-280-18579-1

9786610185795

0-309-59361-1

0-585-14956-9

OCLC:

60365398