Assessment of exposure-response functions for rocket-emission toxicants / Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants, Committee on Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Rocket-Emission Toxicants.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Rockets (Aeronautics)--Fuel--Toxicology.

Rockets (Aeronautics).

Toxicology--Dose-response relationship.

Toxicology.

Hydrogen chloride--Toxicology.

Hydrogen chloride.

Nitrogen dioxide--Toxicology.

Nitrogen dioxide.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (226 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1998.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The U.S. Air Force is developing a model to assist commanders in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. The model estimates the possible number and types of adverse health effects for people who might be exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during an aborted launch that results in a rocket being destroyed near the ground. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emmission Toxicants evaluates the model and the data used for three rocket emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid.

Contents:

Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants

Copyright

OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

PREFACE

Contents

ABBREVIATIONS

SUMMARY

DESCRIPTION OF THE LATRA MODEL

THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TOXICOLOGICAL DATA BASE

IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS

DEFINITION OF SEVERITY OF EFFECTS

STRUCTURE OF THE LATRA-ERF MODEL

1 INTRODUCTION

DEVELOPMENT OF LATRA

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE LAUNCH AREA TOXIC RISK ANALYSIS (LATRA) MODEL

TOXICITY OF ROCKET EMISSIONS

IDENTIFICATION OF SENSITIVE POPULATIONS

SELECTION OF THE EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

QUANTIFICATION OF THE EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS

REPRESENTATION OF UNCERTAINTIES

3 SUBPOPULATIONS SENSITIVE TO AIR CONTAMINATION

LITERATURE REVIEW FOR SENSITIVE SUBPOPULATIONS

CHEMICAL-SPECIFIC VARIATION IN HUMAN SENSITIVITY

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

NITROGEN DIOXIDE

NITRIC ACID

OZONE

SULFUR DIOXIDE

LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING STUDIES

COMMON RISK-ASSESSMENT PRACTICES FOR SENSITIVE SUBPOPULATIONS

DEFINING SENSITIVE POPULATIONS

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

DEFINING SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS

QUANTIFYING THE DEGREE OF DIFFERENCE IN SENSITIVITY BETWEEN SENSITIVE AND NORMAL SUBGROUPS

4 EFFECT SEVERITY

PRECEDENT FOR SEVERITY DESCRIPTORS

SEVERITY OF EFFECT IN TOXICOLOGY

EPA DEFINITION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY DEFINITION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS

LATRA'S USE OF THE TERM ''SEVERITY

5 EVALUATION OF THE LATRA EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS

THE LATRA-ERF MODEL

SELECTION OF INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

CHOICE OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL

SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS.

SEVERITY OF EFFECTS

EXPOSURE-RESPONSE VALUES

OTHER FEATURES OF LATRA

ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DOSE-RESPONSE MODELS

ORDINAL REGRESSION

MAXIMUM ENTROPY INFERENCE

HAZARD-QUOTIENT-HAZARD-INDEX APPROACH

SELECTION OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

CHOICE AND QUANTIFICATION OF EXPOSURE-RESPONSE MODEL

SENSITIVE SUBGROUPS

SEVERITY OF EFFECTS

REPRESENTATION AND PROPAGATION OF UNCERTAINTIES

6 EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS FOR ROCKET-EMISSION TOXICANTS

HEALTHY ADULTS

SENSITIVE SUBJECTS

MORTALITY

CORNEAL OPACITY

DOSE-RESPONSE FOR MILD, MODERATE, AND SERIOUS EFFECTS

AIRWAY RESPONSIVENESS IN HUMANS

CONTINUOUS (NONQUANTAL) MEASUREMENTS

REFERENCES

Appendix A AIR FORCE EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR ROCKET EMISSIONS

ROCKET EMISSIONS

DEFINITIONS OF TIER LIMITS

COMPARISON OF REWG TIER RECOMMENDATIONS AND LATRA ERFS

Appendix B DEFINITIONS OF CURRENT EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS

Appendix C AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY'S LIST OF ADVERSE RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS

Appendix D ACUTE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE

PHARMACOKINETICS AND METABOLISM

SUMMARY OF TOXICITY INFORMATION

EFFECTS IN HUMANS

One-Time Exposure

Accidental Exposures

Repeated Exposures

Potentially Sensitive Populations

EFFECTS IN ANIMALS

Developmental and Reproductive Toxicities

One-Time Exposures

Combined Exposures Simulating Sensitive Populations

ESTABLISHED INHALATION EXPOSURE LIMITS

EVALUATION OF TOXICITY INFORMATION.

RESEARCH NEEDS

Appendix E ACUTE TOXICITY OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE

Human Clinical Studies

Epidemiological Studies

Mortality

Pulmonary Injury

Effects on Lung Function

Effects on Lung Biochemistry

Host Defense Mechanisms

Extrapulmonary Effects

EVALUATION OF TOXICITY INFORMATION

RESEARCH NEEDS

Appendix F ACUTE TOXICITY OF NITRIC ACID

OCCURRENCE AND USE

REFERENCES.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610186501

9780309173841

0309173841

9781280186509

128018650X

9780309592130

0309592135

9780585020983

0585020981

OCLC:

42328807