Measuring lead exposure in infants, children, and other sensitive populations / Committee on Measuring Lead in Critical Populations, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Measuring Lead in Critical Populations.

Contributor:

Fowler, Bruce A.

National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology.

National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Lead--Toxicology.

Lead.

Lead poisoning in children.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (355 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Lead is a ubiquitous toxic agent that is especially damaging to the young child and the developing fetus. Unlike many environmental health risks, the risks associated with lead are no longer theoretical but have been observed for many years. Indeed, the first regulation of lead in paint was enacted in the 1920s. Currently, because of growing evidence of lead toxicity at lower concentrations, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently lowered its lead-exposure guideline to 10 ug/dl lead in blood from 25 ug/dl. Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations addresses the public health concern about the logistics and feasibility of lead screening in infants and children at such low concentrations. This book will serve as the basis for all U.S. Public Health Service activities and for all state and local programs in monitoring lead.

Contents:

Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations

Copyright

Other Recent Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Preface

Contents

Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations

Executive Summary

CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE AND STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

CONCLUSIONS

Sensitive Populations

Quantitative Methods for Analysis

Exposure

Sources and Accumulation

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Introduction

PERSPECTIVE ON ISSUES

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Beginning of Public-Health Interest in Lead

History of U.S. Childhood Lead-Screening Programs

SCOPE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMITTEE REPORT

2 Adverse Health Effects of Exposure to Lead

CLINICAL INTOXICATION IN CHILDREN

Central Nervous System Effects

Renal Effects

Hematologic Effects

INTOXICATION IN ADULTS

Central Nervous System and Other Neuropathic Effects

REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS

Reproductive and Early Developmental Toxicity

Cognitive and Other Neurobehavioral Effects

Prospective Longitudinal Studies

Cross-sectional and Retrospective Studies

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS

Hypertension and Pregnancy

Animal Models of Lead and Blood Pressure

Population-Based Epidemiology Studies

MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY

Effects on Heme Biosynthesis and Erythropoiesis

Effects on Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism

Carcinogensis

Nephropathy

SUMMARY

3 Lead Exposure of Sensitive Populations

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF ANTHROPOGENIC LEAD CONTAMINATION

SOURCE-SPECIFIC LEAD EXPOSURE OF SENSITIVE POPULATIONS.

Lead in Paint

Physicochemical and Environmental Considerations

General Characteristics of Exposure

Scope of the Problem

Lead in Air

Lead in Dust and Soil

Lead in Drinking Water

Lead in the Diet

Characteristics of General Exposure

4 Biologic Markers of Lead Toxicity

BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EXPOSURE

Lead Absorption

Lead Distribution

Lead Retention and Excretion

Interactions of Lead with Nutrients

Mathematical Models

Linear Models

Nonlinear Models

Biologic Monitoring

Whole Blood

Plasma

Teeth

Bone

Milk

Placenta

Chelatable and Urinary Lead

BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EFFECT

Markers Based on Disturbance of Heme Synthesis

Markers of Other Biologic Systems

Relevance of Current Markers of Effect for Low-Dose Exposures

Potential Markers of Effect

Enzyme Systems

Lead-Binding Proteins

Metabolites

Identification of Toxicity Mechanisms

Inhibition of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Formation

Impairment of Heme Synthesis

BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY

5 Methods for Assessing Exposure to Lead

INTRODUCTION

SAMPLING AND SAMPLE HANDLING

MEASUREMENT OF LEAD IN SPECIFIC TISSUES

Urine

MASS SPECTROMETRY

Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectrometry

Lead Isotopic Composition in the Identification of Lead Sources

Stable Lead Isotopic Tracers in Metabolic Studies.

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry

Glow-Discharge Mass Spectrometry

Laser-Microprobe Mass Spectrometry

ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY

ANODIC-STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY AND OTHER ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

THE CALCIUM-DISODIUM EDTA PROVOCATION TEST

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENT

Dosimetry

Volume Sampled

Precision

Accuracy

Practical XRF Systems

Validation

Clinical Uses of X-Ray Fluorescence

Research Needs

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL

6 Summary and Recommendations

SOURCES OF LEAD EXPOSURE

ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF LEAD

MARKERS OF LEAD EXPOSURE AND EFFECT

TECHNIQUES TO MEASURE LEAD EXPOSURE AND EARLY TOXIC EFFECTS

References.

Notes:

Committee chairman: Bruce A. Fowler.

Project was supported by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Trust Fund through cooperative agreement with the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610196135

9781280196133

1280196130

9780309598415

0309598419

9780585077055

0585077053

OCLC:

44963890