Minding the helm : marine navigation and piloting / Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Navigation--United States.

Navigation.

Navigation--United States--Safety measures.

Pilots and pilotage--United States.

Pilots and pilotage.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (522 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A comprehensive analysis of issues in marine navigation and piloting. It addresses the application of new technology to reduce the probability of accidents, controversies over the effectiveness of waterways management and marine pilotage, and navigational decision making. It also explores the way ma

Contents:

Minding the Helm

Copyright

Acknowledgments

Preface

BACKGROUND

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STUDY

SCOPE OF STUDY

REPORT ORGANIZATION

Contents

Executive Summary

INTRODUCTION

Overview of Marine Navigation and Piloting

Synopsis of Major Findings and Recommendations

RISK IN THE MARINE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT

Major Findings

Summary Recommendations

HUMAN SYSTEMS

MARINE PILOTAGE

Pilotage Practice

Pilotage Standards

Jurisdiction and Licensing

Pilotage of Coastwise Tugs and Tows

Standards

Coastwise Tugs and Tows

WATERWAYS MANAGEMENT

Port-State Control

Marine Traffic Regulation

NAVIGATION AND PILOTING TECHNOLOGY

Introduction of New Technology and Performance Criteria

Hydrographic and Topographic Data

Positioning Systems

Integrated Bridge and Control Systems

Traditional Aids to Navigation

Introduction of New Technology

Institutional Considerations

MARITIME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

1 The Marine Navigation and Piloting System

SUMMARY

PILOTAGE

VESSEL AND WATERWAY SYSTEMS

Port and Waterway Design and Operation

Waterways Management

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS)

Traffic Control Issues

Port-State Versus Flag-State Control

Economic Versus Social Regulation

Shiphandling Skills

Masters

Deck Officers

Bridge Team Support

TECHNOLOGY.

ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES AND STRUCTURES FOR DECISION-MAKING

RISK AND CHANGE IN THE MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING SYSTEM

Assessing Risk

Changes in the Marine Navigation and Piloting System

Marine Industry Issues

Public Safety Issues

The Marine Accident Record

THE PILOTAGE CONTROVERSY

2 Piloting Practices

PILOTAGE OVERVIEW

Pilots

Types of Pilots

Numbers of Pilots

Pilot Services

Pilot Grounds

Governance

Master-Pilot Relationships

Pilot Responsibilities

Pilot Compensation

Professional Development

Development of Federal Pilots

Development of Marine Pilots and Docking Masters

Pilots and Modern Technology

PILOTAGE SYSTEMS AND MODELS

The Role of Pilotage Models

Central Features of a Complete Pilotage System

Changing Pilotage Systems

3 Pilotage Administration

REGULATING PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALS

FEDERAL REGULATION OF PILOTAGE

Federal Pilotage Requirements

Waters and Vessels Subject to Federal Pilotage

Federal Licensing Requirements

Federal Pilot Examinations

Official Discipline Under the Federal Pilotage System

Coast Guard Resources for Overseeing Pilotage

Assessment of Federal Pilotage

STATE REGULATION OF PILOTAGE

State Pilotage Requirements

State-Level Resources for Administering Pilotage

State Pilotage Boards

State Pilot Associations

Training and Professional Development

Pilot Discipline and Operational Oversight Under State Systems

Assessment of State Pilotage Systems

OTHER FORMS OF PILOTAGE

Docking, Undocking, and Mooring Services

Docking and Mooring Masters

Training and Practice

Accountability

Assessment of Docking and Mooring Services for Vessels in Foreign Trade

Pilotage in Federal Canals

Pilotage in the Towing Industry.

Pilotage for Coastwise Towing Industry Vessels

Pilotage of Inland Towing Vessels

Public Criticism of Pilotage in the Towing Industry

Pilotage of Military Sealift Command Ships

Pilotage of Inland Passenger Vessels

Pilotage for Dredges

European and British Columbia Pilotage Systems

Pilotage Systems

Pilot Qualifications

Pilot Training Using Shiphandling Simulation

IMPROVING PILOTAGE PRACTICES AND ADMINISTRATION

Alternatives for Improving Pilotage Systems

Establish National Guidelines or Standards

Establish Code of Professional Ethics

Establish Universal Entry-level Qualifications

Require Emergency Shiphandling Training

Require Continuing Professional Development

Require Pilot Recertification

Verification of Professional Competence

Establish Vessel Type and Size Criteria for Federal Pilotage

Relieve Federal Pilots of Non-Pilotage Duties

Closing Institutional Gaps

Jurisdictional Gaps in Ship Pilotage, Docking, and Mooring

Docking, Undocking, and Vessel Transport Services

Redefining the Pilot's Role

Master-Pilot Working Relationship

Marine Pilot Responsibilities Relative to Substandard Ships

Improving Pilotage in the Towing Industry

Consolidating Pilotage into a Single Program for Each Port and Waterway System

Consolidating Ship Pilotage Under a Single Authority

Implementing National Standards and a Port-Level Pilotage System

4 Risk, the Operating Environment, and Safety

RISK

Decision Analysis and Risk

Decision Analysis

Risk Analysis

Relationship Between Probabilistic Risk and Perceived Risk

RISK IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION

Considerations in Reducing the Probability of Accidents

Traditional Risk Management by Mariners

Assessing Risk in Marine Transportation

Consequences of Risk.

THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT FROM A RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE

A Tale of Six Rivers

Vessel Behavior

Forces Acting on a Ship

Controlled Hydrodynamic Interactions

Transit Considerations

ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED BY QUANTITATIVE RISK MANAGEMENT

Data Limitations

Causal Factors in Marine Accidents

Communications

Navigation Technology

Shore- and Waterway-based Navigation Support Services

Data on Pilotage Risk

Controversy Over Pilot Safety Performance

IMPROVING RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATION

Establish a Near-Miss Reporting System

Establish an Exposure Data Base

Establish a Comprehensive Risk Assessment Program

5 Marine Traffic Regulation

REGULATION OF MARINE AND AIR TRAFFIC

COMPARISON OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION

Overview

Federal Marine and Aviation Infrastructures

The National Airspace System

Applying the Aviation Model to Marine Transportation

Comparing the Aviation and Marine Operating Environments

Additional Considerations in the Marine Setting

MARINE ALTERNATIVES TO THE AVIATION MODEL

Existing VTS Systems

VTS Programs and Objectives

VTS Effectiveness

VTS Operations

The Marine Community's VTS Advisory Role

IMPROVING WATERWAYS MANAGEMENT

Port-by-Port Expansion of VTS

Adapting the Aviation Model to Marine Transportation

Shore-based Pilotage

IMPLEMENTING MORE RIGOROUS MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION

6 Navigation and Piloting Technology

SUMMARY OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS

IMPROVING NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES

Passage/Route Planning

Choosing the Charting Medium

Scaling Factors

Accuracy of Nautical Charts

Options for Immediate Action

Options for Incremental Improvements

Options for Long-term Development

Position Fixing

The Traditional Approach.

The High-Technology Approach

Supporting Technologies and Resources

Options for Incremental Improvement

Options for Long-Term Development

Collision Avoidance and Surveillance

Steering and Track Keeping

Decision-Making Aids

Weather and Environment Monitoring

Docking Evolutions

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE

How Marine Navigation Technology is Adopted

Marine Transportation Companies and Technological Change

Mariners and Technological Change

Pitfalls of the Application Process: Some Examples

Multiple Equipment Configurations and Regulatory Restrictions

Performance Objectives and Assessments

Performance Objectives vs. Equipment Mandates

Ensuring Pilot and Watch Officer Proficiency

Technology-Induced Changes to Pilotage

7 A Human Systems Perspective on Marine Navigation and Piloting

AN ORGANIZATIONAL VIEW OF NAVIGATION AND PILOTING SYSTEMS

The Operating Environment

Internal Organizational Processes

Shipboard Command and Control Organization

Interrelationships on the Navigation Bridge

Opportunities for Human Error in Traditional Practices

APPLYING ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY STRATEGIES TO MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING

Recent Innovations in Navigation and Piloting

Bridge Teams

One-Person Bridge

Pilot-CoPilot Model

Marine Simulation

Reducing Risk.

Command, Control, Communications, and Information.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 463-486) and index.

ISBN:

9786610211647

9781280211645

1280211644

9780309561921

0309561922

9780585022765

0585022763

OCLC:

70739689