The Behavioral and social sciences : achievements and opportunities / [edited by] Dean R. Gerstein ... [et al.] ; Committee on Basic Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; with the cooperation of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and the Social Science Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council Staff, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

Gerstein, Dean R.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Social sciences--Research--United States.

Social sciences.

Human behavior--Research--United States.

Human behavior.

Physical Description:

xv, 282 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1988.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This volume explores the scientific frontiers and leading edges of research across the fields of anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, sociology, history, business, education, geography, law, and psychiatry, as well as the newer, more specialized areas of artificial intelligence, child development, cognitive science, communications, demography, linguistics, and management and decision science. It includes recommendations concerning new resources, facilities, and programs that may be needed over the next several years to ensure rapid progress and provide a high level of returns to basic research.

Contents:

The Behavioral and Social Sciences

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Introduction

1 Behavior, Mind, and Brain

SEEING AND HEARING

Visual Analyzers

Color Constancy

Depth and Motion

Perceiving Objects

Temporal Auditory Patterns

MEMORY

Types of Memory

Brain Structure and Neurotransmitters

COGNITION AND ACTION

Early Cognitive Development and Learning

Categorical Knowledge and Representation

Imagery

Individual Decision Making

Reasoning, Expertise, and Scientific Education

Complex Action

LANGUAGE

Acquisition

Sign Language

Grammatical Universals

Machines That Talk and Listen

Reading

Decoding and Dyslexias

Interpretation and Comprehension

OPPORTUNITIES AND NEEDS

2 Motivational and Social Contexts of Behavior

AFFECT AND MOTIVATION

Emotional Expression, Perception, and Maturation

Emotive Circuitry and Metabolism in the Brain

Biobehavioral Rhythms

Patterns of Food Consumption

BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH

Prevention of Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Abuse

Evaluating the Effects of Interventions

Addiction and the Marketplace

Prevention of AIDS

Stress, Risk of Illness, and Behavior

Behavior and Health Care Delivery Systems

CRIME AND VIOLENCE

Criminal Careers and the Effects of the Criminal Justice System

Antisocial and Prosocial Dispositions

ATTRIBUTIONS AND EXPECTANCIES IN SOCIAL INTERACTION

Expectancies, Self-Concepts, and Motives

Development of Close Relationships

Small Groups and Behavior

The Social Construction of Gender

3 Choice and Allocation

COLLECTIVE CHOICE AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

Setting Agendas

Sequential and Simultaneous Votes

Electorates

Founding Political Systems

ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN AND CHANGE

Organizational Politics and Institutional Constraints.

Organizational Evolution

MARKETS AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Public Goods and Strategic Revelation

Information Asymmetry and Transmission

Regulation and Deregulation

Rational Expectations

CONTRACTS

Principal-Agent Models

Bargaining, Negotiation, and Repeated Interaction

JOBS, WAGES, AND CAREERS

Unemployment

Implicit Labor Contracts

Job Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap

Technology, Migration, and Mobility

New Sources of Data on Jobs and Careers

4 Institutions and Cultures

THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Social Organization in Prehistoric Times

Food, Tools, and Home Bases

Evolution of Language

DEMOGRAPHIC BEHAVIOR

Fertility and Lactation

Population Change in Developing Countries

Fertility and Migration in Developed Countries

MODERNIZATION: FAMILY AND RELIGION

The Nuclear Family and Social Change

Religion, Social Change, and Politics

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND PUBLIC POLICY

The Shaping of Technology

The Development of Science

Behavioral and Social Sciences Knowledge and Public Policy

INTERNATIONALIZATION

International Finance and Domestic Policy

Cultural and Political Diffusion

The International Division of Labor

Productivity

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

Superpower Relations

Decision Making, Beliefs, and Cognitions

Cooperation and Conflict

5 Methods of Data Collection, Representation, and Analysis

DESIGNS FOR DATA COLLECTION

Experimental Designs

Laboratory Experiments

Randomized Field Experiments

Survey Designs

Advances in Longitudinal Designs

Memory and the Framing of Questions

Comparative Designs

Ethnographic Designs

Ideological Systems

Historical Reconstruction

MODELS FOR REPRESENTING PHENOMENA

Probability Models.

Log-Linear Models for Categorical Variables

Regression Models for Categorical Variables

Models for Event Histories

Models for Multiple-Item Measurement

Nonlinear, Nonadditive Models

Geometric and Algebraic Models

Scaling

Ordered Factorial Systems

Clustering

Network Models

STATISTICAL INFERENCE AND ANALYSIS

Causal Inference

New Statistical Techniques

Internal Resampling

Robust Techniques

Many Interrelated Parameters

Missing Data

Computing

Computer Packages and Expert Systems

Exploratory Analysis and Graphic Presentation

Combining Evidence

6 The Research Support System

HUMAN RESOURCES

Colleges and Graduate Schools

Undergraduate Education

Graduate Education

Postdoctoral Training and Collaboration

Postdoctoral Fellowships and Traineeships

Advanced Training Institutes

Collaboration and Communication

TECHNOLOGICAL RESOURCES

Computers

Neuroimaging Devices

Animal Care

DATA RESOURCES

Large-Scale Data Bases

Research Access to Government Data

Corporate and Local Government Archives

FUNDING RESOURCES

Modes of Support

Grant Size and Duration

The Disciplines and Interdisciplinary Research

Interdisciplinary Research Centers

THE PROBLEM OF VOICE

7 Raising the Scientific Yield

RESEARCH FRONTIERS

Behavior, Mind, and Brain

Motivational and Social Contexts of Behavior

Choice and Allocation

Institutions and Cultures

Methods of Data Collection, Representation, and Analysis

RECOMMENDED NEW RESOURCES

Human Resources

Technological Resources

Data Resources

Investigator-Initiated Grants

Research Agency Changes

CONCLUSION

Appendix A Trends in Support for Research in the Behavioral and Social Sciences

FEDERAL SUPPORT.

The Diversity of Federal Support

National Science Foundation Support

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS

Appendix B Working Group Members

SENSORY AND PERCEPTUAL PROCESSES

PSYCHOBIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY

INFORMATION AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES

LANGUAGE AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING

DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE

HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR

SOCIAL INTERACTION

GENDER STUDIES

INFORMATION AND DECISION MAKING

MARKET EFFICIENCY

JOBS AND INEQUALITY

MARKETS AND ORGANIZATIONS

COLLECTIVE CHOICE INSTITUTIONS

EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

URBAN TRANSFORMATION AND MIGRATION

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

FAMILY AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS

FORMAL AND LEGAL PROCESSES

RELIGION AND POLITICAL CHANGE

CULTURE AND IDEOLOGY

INTERNATIONALIZATION OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL LIFE

INTERNATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND SECURITY STUDIES

MACROECONOMIC POLICY

SOCIAL STUDIES OF MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SOCIAL KNOWLEDGE PRODUCING INSTITUTIONS

LARGE-SCALE DATA NEEDS

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

MEASUREMENT AND SCALING

ORIGINS OF HUMAN DISTINCTIVENESS

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610221592

9781280221590

1280221593

9780309542784

0309542782

9780585148946

0585148945

OCLC:

923266962