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Elementary-particle physics / Elementary-Particle Physics Panel, Physics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council.
- Format:
- Book
- Author/Creator:
- National Research Council (U.S.). Elementary-Particle Physics Panel.
- Series:
- Physics through the 1990s.
- Physics through the 1990s
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Particles (Nuclear physics)--Congresses.
- Particles (Nuclear physics).
- Nuclear physics.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (248 p.)
- Edition:
- 1st ed.
- Place of Publication:
- Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1986.
- Language Note:
- English
- Summary:
- Part of the Physics in a New Era series of assessments of the various branches of the field, Elementary-Particle Physics reviews progress in the field over the past 10 years and recommends actions needed to address the key questions that remain unanswered. It explains in simple terms the present picture of how matter is constructed. As physicists have probed ever deeper into the structure of matter, they have begun to explore one of the most fundamental questions that one can ask about the universe: What gives matter its mass? A new international accelerator to be built at the European laboratory CERN will begin to explore some of the mechanisms proposed to give matter its heft. The committee recommends full U.S. participation in this project as well as various other experiments and studies to be carried out now and in the longer term.
- Contents:
- Physics Through the 1990s
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE REVOLUTION IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
- WHAT WE WANT TO KNOW
- THE TOOLS OF ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
- THE FUTURE OF ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS IN THE UNITED STATES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UNIVERSITY-BASED RESEARCH GROUPS AND USE OF EXISTING FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEW ACCELERATOR FACILITIES IN THE UNITED STATES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACCELERATOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEORETICAL RESEARCH IN PARTICLE PHYSICS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NONACCELERATOR PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
- CONCLUSION
- 1 Introduction
- ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
- WHAT WE KNOW
- THE FUTURE TOOLS OF ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS
- 2 What Is Elementary-Particle Physics?
- WHAT IS AN ELEMENTARY PARTICLE
- How Many Kinds of Elementary Particles Are There?
- The Size of Elementary Particles
- Elementary Particles and High Energy
- THE KNOWN BASIC FORCES AND FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
- The Four Basic Forces
- The Known Families of Elementary Particles
- The Force-Carrying Particles
- The Leptons
- The Quarks
- The Hadrons
- Particles and Antiparticles
- COLLISIONS AND DECAYS
- Collisions of Particles
- Collision Diagrams
- Collisions and Interactions
- Spontaneous Disintegration of Particles
- CONSERVATION LAWS AND SYMMETRY IDEAS
- What Are Conservation Laws?
- Symmetry and Invariance
- Symmetry Breaking
- EXPERIMENTS, ACCELERATIONS, AND PARTICLES DETECTORS
- Experimental Methods in Elementary-Particle Physics
- Experiments at Fixed-Target Accelerators
- Fixed-Target Accelerators
- Targets
- Particle Detectors for Charged Particles
- Secondary Particle Beams.
- Particle Colliders
- Experiments at Particle Colliders
- The Decays of Particles
- Experiments in Elementary-Particle Physics Without Accelerators
- 3 What We Have Learned in the Past Two Decades
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE QUARK MODEL OF HADRONS
- The Beginnings of the Quark Model
- The Discovery of the Charmed Quark
- Charmonium States
- DISCOVERY OF THE THIRD GENERATION OF LEPTONS AND QUARKS
- The Discovery of the Tau Lepton
- The Discovery of the Bottom Quark
- The Third Generation
- HOW QUARKS INTERACT
- Hadron Interactions
- Lepton-Proton Scattering Experiments
- Hadron Jets
- UNIFICATION OF THE WEAK AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS
- STRONG INTERACTION AMONG QUARKS
- UNIFIED THEORIES
- 4 Elementary-Particle Physics: What We Want To Know
- INTRODUCTION
- The Problem of Mass
- Where Do All These Mass Scales Originate?
- Composite Quarks and Leptons?
- Unification of the Fundamental Forces?
- Interaction of Hadrons
- USING EXISTING ACCELERATORS AND ACCELERATORS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
- THE NEED FOR HIGHER-ENERGY ACCELERATORS
- SOME FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
- 5 Accelerators for Elementary-Particle Physics
- INTRODUCTION TO ACCELERATORS
- The Why and How of Accelerators
- Particle Colliders
- Superconducting Magnets in Accelerators
- Progress in Accelerators and The Energy Frontier
- ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS AND THE VARIETY OF ACCELERATORS
- Study of the Properties of Known Particles
- Study of the Known Forces
- Tests of New Ideas and Theories
- The Search for New Particles and the Mass Scale
- Searches for Clues to Puzzles and Exploration of the Unknown
- ACCELERATORS WE ARE USING AND BUILDING
- Proton Accelerators: Fixed Target
- Proton-Proton and Proton-Antiproton Colliders at CERN
- The 2-TeV Proton-Antiproton Collider at Fermilab
- Electron Accelerators: Fixed Target
- Circular Electron-Positron Colliders.
- The TRISTAN and LEP Electron-Positron Circular Colliders
- Linear Electron-Positron Colliders
- Electron-Proton Colliders
- THE SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER, A VERY-HIGH-ENERGY PROTON-PROTON COLLIDER
- Physics Goals
- Collider Goals
- Design Studies
- Superconducting Magnets
- Preliminary Collider Designs and Considerations
- Schedule and Cost
- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR VERY-HIGH-ENERGY LINEAR COLLIDERS
- Physics Motivation
- Present Technology and Concepts
- RESEARCH ON ADVANCED CONCEPTS FOR ACCELERATORS AND COLLIDERS
- Linear Accelerators and Colliders
- Ultrahigh-Energy Circular Colliders
- The Need for Advanced Research on Accelerators and Colliders
- 6 Instruments and Detectors for Elementary-Particle Physics
- DETECTOR REQUIREMENTS AND PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF DETECTION
- DETECTORS FOR COLLIDER EXPERIMENTS
- Close-in Detection: Vertex Detectors
- Charged-Particle Tracking Chambers
- Identification of Particle Types
- Calorimetric Detection and Energy Measurement
- DETECTORS IN FIXED-TARGET EXPERIMENTS
- Small or Simple Fixed-Target Experiments
- Large or Complex Fixed-Target Experiments
- Bubble Chamber
- DATA REDUCTION AND COMPUTERS
- FACILITIES AND DETECTORS FOR EXPERIMENTS NOT USING ACCELERATORS
- Atomic, Optical, Electronic, and Cryogenic Experiments
- Experiments Using Radioactive Material or Reactors
- Experiments Using Cosmic Rays
- The Solar Neutrino Experiment
- Searches for the Decay of the Proton
- SUMMARY AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
- 7 Interactions with Other Areas of Physics and Technology
- COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPHYSICS
- COSMIC-RAY PHYSICS
- NUCLEAR PHYSICS
- ATOMIC PHYSICS
- CONDENSED-MATTER THEORETICAL PHYSICS
- OTHER APPLICATIONS OF ACCELERATORS
- Synchrotron Radiation
- Accelerators in Medicine
- High-Intensity Neutron Sources
- Accelerators and Plasma Physics.
- LARGE-SCALE USES OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
- SUPPORT AND STIMULATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
- 8 Education, Organization, and Decision Making in Elementary-Particle Physics
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- Before 1960
- After 1960 in the United States
- After 1950 Abroad
- PACE AND PLANNING IN ACCELERATOR CONSTRUCTION AND USE
- Conception
- Proposal
- Decision
- Construction
- Use of Accelerators for Physics
- The Death of an Accelerator
- SUMMARY
- THE NATURE OF ELEMENTARY-PARTICLE PHYSICS EXPERIMENTATION
- GRADUATE EDUCATION
- INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PARTICLE-PHYSICS COMMUNITY AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
- Universities
- Accelerator Laboratories
- Decision Making and Advice
- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND COMPETITION
- FUTURE TRENDS AND ISSUES
- Graduate Students' Role
- Scientific Manpower in Particle Physics
- Advanced Accelerator and Detector Research
- Laboratory Management
- Advisory Structure
- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations
- THE REVOLUTION OF THE PAST TWO DECADES
- HOW THE REVOLUTION WAS MADE
- Appendixes
- A The World's High-Energy Accelerators
- B Particle Colliders Under Construction
- C Statistical Information on Elementary-Particle Physics Research in the United States
- Physicists and Graduate Students in Elementary-Particle Physics
- Funding for Elementary-Particle Physics Research
- Glossary
- Index.
- Notes:
- Includes index.
- ISBN:
- 9786610222391
- 9781280222399
- 1280222395
- 9780309534666
- 0309534666
- 9780585085098
- 0585085099
- OCLC:
- 70773032
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