Biosafety in the laboratory : prudent practices for the handling and disposal of infectious materials / Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in the Laboratory, Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Hazardous Biological Substances in the Laboratory.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medical laboratories--Safety measures--Congresses.

Medical laboratories.

Medical laboratories--Waste disposal--Safety measures--Congresses.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (236 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1989.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Biosafety in the Laboratory is a concise set of practical guidelines for handling and disposing of biohazardous material. The consensus of top experts in laboratory safety, this volume provides the information needed for immediate improvement of safety practices. It discusses high- and low-risk biological agents (including the highest-risk materials handled in labs today), presents the "seven basic rules of biosafety," addresses special issues such as the shipping of dangerous materials, covers waste disposal in detail, offers a checklist for administering laboratory safety--and more.

Contents:

Biosafety In The Laboratory

Copyright

Preface

Contents

1 Introduction, Overview, and Recommendations

A- INTRODUCTION

B- OVERVIEW

Chapter 2- Descriptive Epidemiology of Occupational Infections of Laboratory Workers

Chapter 3- Safe Handling of Infections Agents

Chapter 4- Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste

Chapter 5- Safety Management

C- RECOMMENDATIONS

1- Immunization

2- Serum Bank

3- Avoiding Exposure to Infectious Agents

4- Transportation and Shipment of Specimens

5- Labeling of Specimens

6- Biosafety in Large-Scale Production

7- Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste

8- Administrative Organization and Responsibility

9- Facilities

10- Medical Program

11- Emergencies

2 Descriptive Epidemiology of Occupational Infections of Laboratory Workers

B- THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIAD

1- The Host

2- The Infectious Agent

3- The Environment

C- LABORATORY-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

1- Infectious Agents Presenting the Highest Risk

2- Infectious Agents Presenting the Lowest Risk

3- Other Infectious Agents

3 Safe Handling of Infectious Agents

A- GUIDELINES FOR HANDLING PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS

B- ORGANISMS POSING SPECIAL RISKS

C- HAZARDS FROM VERTEBRATE ANIMALS AND INSECTS IN THE LABORATORY

D- PRIMARY AND CONTINUOUS CELL CULTURES

E- HANDLING OF NECROPSY AND SURGICAL SPECIMENS

1- Introduction

2- Necropsy

a- Routine Necropsies

b- Necropsies on Bodies Known to Be Infected

3- Surgical Pathology

F- GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES

2- Routes of Exposure

a- Contact Route

b- Oral Route

c- Ocular Route

d- Inoculation Route

e- Respiratory Route

3- Prevention of Exposure

4- The Seven Basic Rules of Biosafety

5- Summary

G- TRANSPORTATION AND SHIPMENT OF SPECIMENS

1- Introduction.

2- Packaging. Shipping, and Handling of Biological Specimens

H- LABELING OF SPECIMENS WITHIN THE LABORATORY

I- PREVENTION OF AEROSOL AND DROPLET GENERATION

2- Control of Aerosols and Droplets

J- CONTAINMENT EQUIPMENT

2- Biological Safety Cabinets

3- Pipetting Devices

4- Sonicators, Homogenizers, and Mixers

5- Clothing, Masks, and Face Shields

K- BIOSAFETY IN LARGE-SCALE PRODUCTION

2- Organization and Responsibilities

3- Containment

4- Inactivation

5- Disposal

6- Exposure

7- Conclusion

L- BIOSAFETY IN PHYSICIANS' OFFICE LABORATORIES AND OTHER SMALL VOLUME CLINICAL LABORATORIES

4 Safe Disposal of Infectious Laboratory Waste

B- INFECTIOUS POTENTIAL OF LABORATORY WASTE

1- Risks to the General Public's Health

2- Occupational Risks

C- CHARACTERISTICS OF INFECTIOUS LABORATORY WASTE

D- RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SAFE HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF INFECTIOUS WASTE

1- GENERATORS OF INFECTIOUS WASTE

2- Haulers and Waste Treatment Facilities

E- WASTE HANDLING AND TREATMENT METHODS

1- Basic Principles

2- Containment

3- Personal Protection

4- Chemical Decontamination

5- Steam Autoclaving

6- Incineration

7- Validation of Decontamination Methods

F- INFECTIOUS WASTE REQUIRING SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

1- Mixed Waste

2- Human Cadavers and Other Anatomical Waste

3- Animal Bedding materials

4- "Sharps

5 Safety Management

A- ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES

2- The Laboratory Safety Program

a- Goals of a Laboratory Safety Program

b- Responsibility for Laboratory Safety

c- Safety Plans

d- Safety Meetings and Safety Committees

e- Safety Communications

f- Monitoring Safety

B- FACILITIES

2- Laboratory Design.

a- Ventilation

b- Electrical

c- Water

d- Sewage

e- Vacuum

f- Waste Handling

g- Safety Equipment

h- Traffic Flow Pattern

i- Laundry

j- Storage Areas

3- Constructing, Remodeling, and Decommissioning a Laboratory

4- Maintenance

5- Housekeeping

C- OPERATIONS

2- Safety Orientation and Continuing Education for Employees

3- Evaluation of Laboratory-Associated Hazards

4- Policy and Procedure Manuals

5- Accident Reports and Investigations

6- Recordkeeping

7- Auditing

8- Registry of Agents

9- Waste Management

10- Signs

D- MEDICAL PROGRAM

1- General Principles

2- Conditions Increasing Employee Risk of Adverse Health Outcome

a- Deficiencies of Host Defenses

b- Reproductive Hazards

c- Allergies

3- Program Design

4- Preplacement Examination (PPE)

a- Medical History

b- Occupational Health History

c- Physical Examination

d- Laboratory and Other Testing

e- Serum Bank

5- Immunizations

6- Periodic Monitoring Examination (PME)

7- Postemployment Evaluation (PEE)

8- Agent-Specific Surveillance

9- Accident Reporting

10- Recordkeeping and Result Notification

11- Resources

E- EMERGENCIES

1- Preparation and General Procedures

a- Preparation

b- General Emergency Procedures

2- Evacuation Procedures

a- Emergency Alarm System

b- Evacuation Routes

c- Shutdown Procedures

d- Start-Up Procedures

e- Drills

f- Power failure

3- Fires

4- Spills and Releases

a- Infectious Agents

b- Handling of Spilled Solids

c- Biological Radioactive Emergencies

5- Other Emergencies

F- REGULATION AND ACCREDITATION

G- TEACHING BIOSAFETY IN ACADEMIC SETTINGS

2- Safety in Laboratory Courses

3- Orientation and Training of Students.

4- Design of Safe Laboratory Exercises and Experiments

5- Monitoring and Recordkeeping

References

Appendixes

Appendix A Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories

CONTENTS

SECTION I- INTRODUCTION

SECTION II- PRINCIPLES OF BIOSAFETY

SECTION III- LABORATORY BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA

SECTION IV- VERTEBRATE ANIMAL BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA

SECTION V- RECOMMENDED BIOSAFETY LEVELS FOR INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND INFECTED ANIMALS

AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENTS

Parasitic Agents

Agent: Nematode parasites of humans

Agent: Protozoal parasites of humans

Agent: Trematode parasites of humans

Agent: Cestode parasites of humans

Fungal Agents

Agent: Blastomyces dermatitidis

Agent: Coccidioides immitis

Agent: Cryptococcus neoformans

Agent: Histoplasma capsulatum

Agent: Sporothrix schenckii

Agents: Pathogenic members of the genera Epidermophyton, Microsporum , and Trichophyton

Bacterial Agents

Agent: Bacillus anthracis

Agent: Brucella (B. abortus, B. canis, B. melitensis, B. suis)

Agent: Chlamydia psittaci, C. trachomatis

Agent: Clostridium botulinum

Agent: Clostridium tetani

Agent: Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Agent: Francisella tularensis

Agent: Leptospira interrogans-all serovars

Agent: Legionella pneumophila

other Legionella -like agents

Agent: Mycobacterium leprae

Agent: Mycobacterium spp. other than M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, or M. Leprae

Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis

Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Agent: Neisseria meningitidis

Agent: Pseudomonas pseudomallei

Agent: Salmonella cholera-suis, S. enteritidis -all serotypes

Agent: Salmonella typhi

Agent: Shigella spp.

Agent: Treponema pallidum

Agent: Vibrionic enteritis ( Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni, Vibrio cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus )

Agent: Yersinia pestis.

Rickettsial Agents

Agent: Coxiella burnetii

Agent: Rickettsia akari, Rochalimaea quintana , and Rochalimaea vinsonii

Agent: Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi (R. mooseri), Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia canada and Spotted Fever…

Agent: Rickettsia rickettsii

Viral Agents

Agent: Hepatitis A virus

Agent: Hepatitis B, hepatitis non-A non-B

Agent: Herpesvirus simiae (B-virus)

Agent: Herpesviruses

Agent: Influenza virus

Agent: Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus

Agent: Poliovirus

Agent: Poxviruses

Agent: Rabies virus

Agents: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt-Jakob and kuru agents)

Agent: Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)

ARBOVIRUSES

Arboviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 2

Arboviruses and Arenaviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 3

Arboviruses, Arenaviruses, or Filoviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 4

APPENDIX A BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS

APPENDIX A IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

APPENDIX A SURVEILLANCE OF PERSONNEL FOR LABORATORY-ASSOCIATED RICKETTSIAL INFECTIONS

APPENDIX A IMPORTATION AND INTERSTATE SHIPMENT OF HUMAN PATHOGENS AND RELATED MATERIALS

APPENDIX A RESTRICTED ANIMAL PATHOGENS

APPENDIX A.6 RESOURCES FOR INFORMATION

LITERATURE CITED

Appendix B 1988 Agent Summary Statement for HIVs, Including HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, and HIV-2

1988 AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENT FOR HIVS, INCLUDING HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, AND HIV-2

INTRODUCTION

HIV AGENT SUMMARY STATEMENT AGENT: HIVS INCLUDING HTLV-III, LAV, HIV-1, AND HIV-2

LABORATORY HAZARDS

RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS

ADDENDUM 1

LABORATORY BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA

Biosafety Level 2

Biosafety Level 3

VERTEBRATE ANIMAL BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA

Animal Biosafety Level 2

Animal Biosafety Level 3

ADDENDUM 2- CDC CAUTIONARY NOTICE

REFERENCES.

Appendix C Recommendations for Prevention of HIV Transmission in Health-Care Settings.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610214754

9781280214752

1280214759

9780309559201

0309559200

9780585028774

058502877X

OCLC:

42329403