Biologic markers in pulmonary toxicology / Subcommittee on Pulmonary Toxicology, Committee on Biologic Markers, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Pulmonary Toxicology.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pulmonary toxicology.

Biochemical markers--Diagnostic use.

Biochemical markers.

Physical Description:

xiv, 179 p. : ill.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1989.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Biologic markers--indicators of biological exposure or change--offer the promise of early detection of disease caused by environmental exposure. Researchers have used these markers to discover indications of pulmonary damage from low-level ozone, a finding with serious implications for health professionals and environmental regulators. Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology is a comprehensive study of this use of biologic markers. Focusing on the respiratory tract as an entryway for airborne pollutants, this volume reviews new ways of measuring markers, the need for markers to indicate dose or exposure levels, noninvasive respiratory function tests for use with healthy humans to detect sensitivity to inhaled pollutants, approaches to evaluating markers down to the cellular and biochemical levels, and more.

Contents:

Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Markers of Exposure

Markers of Effect

Markers of Susceptibility

EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS

MARKERS OF EXPOSURE

MARKERS OF PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS IN INTACT ORGANISMS

MARKERS OF ALTERED STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION

MARKERS OF INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE

MARKERS OF CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE

RECOMMENDATIONS

Exposure Dosimetry

Physiologic Measurements

Structural and Functional Measurements

Cellular and Biochemical Measurements

1 Introduction

TYPES OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS

VALIDATION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS

USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

2 Markers of Exposure

DEPOSITION OF INHALED MATERIAL IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Particles

Gases

CLEARANCE OF INHALED MATERIAL FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Insoluble Particles

Gases and Soluble Particles

MONITORING FOR INHALED MATERIAL

Respiratory Tract Fluids

Exhaled Air

Blood

Urine

Adipose Tissue

DNA and Protein Adducts

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EXPOSURE

CLINICAL TECHNIQUES FOR GATHERING DATA

Questionnaire

Lung Sounds

Respiratory Function

Imaging

SUMMARY

3 Markers of Physiologic Effects in Intact Organisms

RESPIRATORY FUNCTION

Spirometry

Mechanical Properties of the Lung

Dynamic Lung Mechanics

Respiratory System Impedance (Oscillation Mechanics)

Static-Quasistatic Lung Pressure-Volume Analysis

Intrapulmonary Gas and Particle Distribution

Gas Distribution Properties-Single-Breath Gas Washout

Inhaled-Particle Distribution

Alveolar-Capillary Gas Transfer

Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide.

Gas Exchange During Exercise

AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY

Methods of Assessment

Distribution of Airway Hyperreactivity in the Population

Airway Hyperreactivity as a Marker

CLEARANCE OF PARTICLES FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Local Mucus Velocity

Whole-Lung Clearance

INJURY TO AIR-BLOOD BARRIER

Conducting-Airway Permeability

Epithelial Ion Transport

Molecular Tracer Procedures

Alveolar Epithelial Barrier

Vascular Injury

Chemically Induced Injury to Endothelium

Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function

Nonbarrier Properties of Endothelium

Metabolic Activity of Endothelium

4 Markers of Altered Structure or Function

WHOLE LUNG

AIRWAYS

PARENCHYMA

Morphometric Markers of Injury from Exposure to Inhaled Agents

PULMONARY VASCULATURE

IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF PULMONARY VASCULATURE

Gross Examination of Pulmonary Vasculature

Light Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries

Electron Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries

Future Directions

5 Markers of Inflammatory and Immune Response

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INHALED TOXINS

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MICROBIAL INFECTIONS

IMMUNE RESPONSE

Acquired Local Immune Response

Acquired Antigen-Specific Immune Response

In Vivo Challenge

Skin Testing

Nasal Challenge

Intrabronchial Challenge

In Vitro Challenge

6 Markers of Cellular and Biochemical Response

SOURCES OF RESPIRATORY TRACT MARKERS

Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Humans

Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Animals

Bronchial Lavage

Nasal Lavage

POTENTIAL MARKERS IN RESPIRATORY TRACT FLUIDS

Cellular Content

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Lymphocytes

Eosinophils

Mast Cells

Acellular Content

Antioxidants

Arachidonic Acid Metabolites

Complement

Growth Factors and Monokines

Oxygen Radicals

Enzymes.

Protein and Protein Products

MOLECULAR MARKERS

7 Conclusions and Recommendations

DOSIMETRY

PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE

References

Biographies

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610214402

9781280214400

1280214406

9780309597227

0309597226

9780585149004

0585149003

OCLC:

814279450