Recognition and alleviation of pain and distress in laboratory animals / Committee on Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Laboratory animals--Diseases.

Laboratory animals.

Pain in animals.

Laboratory animals--Effect of stress on.

Animal welfare.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (160 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Pain and distress

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Clear guidelines on the proper care and use of laboratory animals are being sought by researchers and members of the many committees formed to oversee animal care at universities as well as the general public. This book provides a comprehensive overview of what we know about behavior, pain, and distress in laboratory animals. The volume explores: Stressors in the laboratory and the animal behaviors they cause, including in-depth discussions of the physiology of pain and distress and the animal's ecological relationship to the laboratory as an environment. A review of euthanasia of lab animals--exploring the decision, the methods, and the emotional effects on technicians. Also included is a highly practical, extensive listing, by species, of dosages and side effects of anesthetics, analgesics, and tranquilizers.

Contents:

Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals

Copyright

Preface

Contents

1 Introduction

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAIN, STRESS, AND DISTRESS

DEFINITIONS

STRESSORS

DISTRESS MODELS

DISTRESS NOT INDUCED BY PAIN

DISTRESS INDUCED BY PAIN

2 The Basis of Pain

PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF NOCICEPTION

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND PAIN

DORSAL HORN NOCICEPTIVE MECHANISMS

THALAMOCORTICAL MECHANISMS

DESCENDING CONTROL MECHANISMS

3 The Basis of Stress and Distress Not Induced by Pain

INTRODUCTION

ECOLOGY AND THE CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT

RELATIONSHIPS WITH CONSPECIFICS

Social Space

Crowding

Deprivation

Positive Social Stimulation

PREDATOR-PREY AND DEFENSIVE RELATIONSHIPS

SHELTER

SPATIAL ARCHITECTURE

FEEDING AND FORAGING

Adaptability

Response to Novel Foods

Need for Variety

Free Choice

Food Wastage

Transition from Milk to Solid Foods

Food Searching

Predictability of Feeding Times

ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS

RESEARCH APPROACHES

4 Recognition and Assessment of Pain, Stress, and Distress

RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF PAIN

CLINICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PAIN

Assessing Vocalizations

Responses to Handling

Acute Pain

Chronic Pain

Classification of Procedures Likely to Cause Pain

SPECIES-TYPICAL SIGNS

Similarities and Differences in Signs Among Humans and Animals

Nonhuman Primates

Dogs

Cats

Rabbits

Laboratory Rodents

Horses

Cattle

Sheep and Goats

Pigs

Birds

Reptiles

Fish

RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF STRESS AND DISTRESS

DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS AND DISTRESS

Assessing an Animal's Records

Assessing the Environment

Stress and Distress Caused by Lack of Environmental Stimuli

Assessing a Species and an Individual Animal.

Assessing Behavior

PHYSIOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF PAIN AND STRESS

PHARMACOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF DISTRESS

5 Control of Pain

PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PAIN

GENERAL ANESTHESIA

Inhalational Anesthesia

Intravenous Anesthesia

BARBITURATES

Common Examples

Clinical Use

Pharmacologic Effects

Dose Recommendations (Table 5-3)

DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS-CYCLOHEXAMINES

Common Example

Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4 and 5-5)

NEUROLEPTANALGESICS

Dose Recommendations (Table 5-6)

OPIOID AGONISTS, AGONIST-ANTAGONISTS, AND ANTAGONISTS

Dose Recommendations (Table 5-7)

NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS

Dose Recommendations (Table 5-9)

SPECIAL ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS

a-Chloralose

Urethane

Use of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Control of Pain in Nonmammalian Species

Neonatal and Fetal Surgery

NONPHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PAIN

HYPOTHERMIA

TONIC IMMOBILITY

ACUPUNCTURE

6 Control of Stress and Distress

PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF STRESS AND DISTRESS

PHENOTHIAZINES

Dose Recommendations (Table 6-1)

BUTYROPHENONES

Pharmacologic Effect

Dose Recommendations

BENZODIAZEPINES

a2-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS

Clinical Uses

Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4, 5-5, and 6-2)

NONPHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF STRESS AND DISTRESS

HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Relationships with Conspecifics

Predator-Prey Relationships

Shelter.

Spatial Architecture (Volume, Structure, and Topography)

Feeding and Foraging Patterns

Environmental Events

SOCIALIZATION AND HANDLING

ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

7 Euthanasia

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

EUTHANASIA AS AN OPTION FOR ALLEVIATION OF PAIN

WHEN TO PERFORM EUTHANASIA

AESTHETICS OF EUTHANASIA: TRAINING, SKILL, AND EMOTIONAL IMPACT ON PEOPLE

RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS

AVOIDING FEAR IN OTHER ANIMALS

ADJUNCTS TO EUTHANASIA

VERIFICATION OF DEATH

SELECTION OF EUTHANATIZING AGENTS AND METHODS

Inhalational Agents

Carbon Dioxide

Consideration of Behavior

PHYSICAL METHODS

Stunning

Cervical Dislocation

Decapitation

Gunshot

Microwave Irradiation

Double Pithing

Rapid Freezing

Exsanguination

NONINHALATIONAL PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS

Barbituric Acid Derivatives

T-61

Other Drugs

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ANIMALS

DOGS AND CATS

FERRETS

RABBITS

LABORATORY RODENTS

NONHUMAN PRIMATES

BIRDS

AMPHIBIANS, FISH, AND REPTILES

References

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-130) and index.

ISBN:

9786610212590

9781280212598

1280212594

9780309564830

0309564832

9780585153650

0585153655

OCLC:

70772776