Drinking water and health / Safe Drinking Water Committee, Advisory Center on Toxicology, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Safe Drinking Water Committee.

Contributor:

Assembly of Life Sciences (U.S.). Safe Drinking Water Committee.

National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences. Safe Drinking Water Committee.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Drinking water--Contamination.

Drinking water.

Drinking water--Health aspects.

Water--Pollution--Toxicology.

Water.

Water--Purification.

Health risk assessment.

Toxicology--Dose-response relationship.

Toxicology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (947 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences, 1977-<1989>

Language Note:

English

Contents:

Drinking Water and Health

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Historical Note

Importance of Water Filtration

Chlorination, The Most Significant Advance in Water Treatment

Summary

REFERENCES

I Approach to the Study

INTRODUCTION

WATER CONSUMPTION

RISK AND SAFETY

MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS

PARTICULATE CONTAMINANTS

INORGANIC SOLUTES

ORGANIC SOLUTES

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINANTS

SUSCEPTIBLE SUBGROUPS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS

II Chemical Contaminants: Safety And Risk Assessment

EFFECTS ON HEALTH

Reversibility of Chemical Injury

Perspectives and Perceptions of Effects

Irreversible (Self-Propagating) Effects

Nonreversible Effects

Reversible Effects

IRREVERSIBLE TOXICITY

Summary of Principles for Extrapolating Animal Toxicity To Humans

The General Problem of Extrapolation

Specific Problems in Extrapolation

Size of Animals

Number of Animals

Environmental Differences

Absorption

Distribution and Storage

Metabolic Differences

Excretion and Reabsorption

Differences in Receptor Sites

Design of Laboratory Experiments on Animals

Current Capability to Extrapolate

THRESHOLDS

Biological Considerations

Consideration of the Dose-Response Relationship

Examination of Experimental Dose-Response Curves

Heterogeneity of the Population

Statistical Considerations

HIGH-DOSE TO LOW-DOSE EXTRAPOLATION

Dose-Response Models

Appropriateness of Data for Low-Dose Extrapolation

INTERACTIONS

SUMMARY-CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS: SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT

Principle 1

Effects in Animals, Properly Qualified, are Applicable to Man

Principle 2

Methods do not Now Exist to Establish a Threshold for Long-Term Effects of Toxic Agents

Principle 3.

The Exposure of Experimental Animals to Toxic Agents in High Doses is a Necessary and Valid Method of Discovering Possible...

Principle 4

Material Should be Assessed in Terms of Human Risk, Rather Than as "Safe" or "Unsafe

Principles To Be Used for Noncarcinogens and Nonmutagens

RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

III Microbiology of Drinking Water

EPIDEMIOLOGY

BACTERIA

Number of Cells Required to Infect

Estimation of Disease Potential by Direct Quantitation of Bacterial Pathogens

Indicator Organisms

Escherichia Coli and the Coliform Group

Some Deficiencies of Coliforms as Indicator Organisms

Other Indicator Organisms

Rapid Methods for Coliform Counts

Sampling for the Coliform Test

Coliform Standards

United States Standards

International Standards

Statistical Limits

The Health Significance of the Coliform Test

Conclusion on Coliform Standard

The Standard Plate Count

Conclusions on Standard Plate Count

Recommendations for Research on Bacterial Contaminants

VIRUSES

History of the Enteric Viruses

Epidemiology

Recovery and Identification of Viruses

Factors Influencing Recovery

Cell-Culture Systems for Detection

Recovery Procedures for Virus in Finished Water

Identification of Viruses Recovered from Water

Sensitivity of the Flowthrough Method

Perspectives in Testing Large-Volume Samples

Health Effects of Viruses in Drinking Water

Virus Removal in Water Treatment

Coagulation and Settling

Filtration and Sorption

Water-Softening

Disinfection

Chlorination

Bromination

Iodination

Ozonation

Effectiveness of Water Treatments

Bacterial Indicators and Viruses in Drinking Water

Conclusions

Research Recommendations

PATHOGENIC PROTOZOA AND HELMINTHS

Protozoa

Amebiasis

Facultatively Parasitic Amebae

Giardiasis.

Helminths

Water-Treatment Practices and Parasite Removal

SUMMARY-MICROBIOLOGY OF DRINKING WATER

Bacteria

Viruses

Parasites

Testing

IV Solid Particles in Suspension

CLAY PARTICLES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS

Inorganic Pollutants

Organic Pollutants

ASBESTOS: NOMENCLATURE, OCCURRENCE AND REDISTRIBUTION IN WATER

Structure and Nomenclature

Properties of Asbestos Minerals

Mineralogy

Surface Properties

Morphology

Solubility

Occurrence of Asbestos and Fibrous Minerals

Uses and Redistribution

Topics for Research in Mineralogy

ASBESTOS FIBER SAMPLING AND ANAYLSIS

Introduction

Optical Microscopy

Electron Microscopy

X-Ray Diffraction

Differential Thermal Analysis

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ASBESTOS MINERALS

Epidemiological Findings

Experimental Studies

ORGANIC PARTICULATE IN WATER

Organic Matter Associated with Soil Particles

Municipal and Industrial Wastes

Organic Debris

Organic Colloids

MICROORGANISMS AND SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN WATER

Particulate-Bacterial Interactions

Particulate-Viral Interactions in Water

Aggregation and Survival

PARTICULATE REMOVAL AND TURBIDITY

Definitions and Occurrence

Removal of Particulates

Mineral Fibers

Clay

Organics

Microbiological Particulates

Possible Concerns

Halomethanes and Other Chlorinated Organics

Encasing of Microbial Particulates

Coagulant Precipitates

Powdered Carbon

Organic Coagulants

Turbidity

SUMMARY-SOLID PARTICLES IN SUSPENSION

Direct Effects on Health

Indirect Effects on Health

Turbidity as an Indicator

Conclusions and Recommendations

Recommendations for Future Research

Clay Particles and their Interactions.

Asbestos: Nomenclature, Occurrence, and Redistribution in Water

Asbestos Fiber Sampling and Analysis

Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Epidemiological Findings

Biological Effects of Asbestos Minerals, Experimental Studies

Organic Particulates in Water

Microorganisms and Suspended Particles in Water

Particulate Removal and Turbidity

V Inorganic Solutes

TRACE METALS

Trace Metals in Water Samples Collected in the Distribution System or at Household Taps

Trace Metals in Finished Water Supplies

Occurrence of Trace Metals in Raw Water Supplies

Barium

Beryllium

Cadmium

Chromium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Mercury

Molybdenum

Nickel

Silver

Vanadium

Zinc

Geographical and Local Factors

Removal Of Metals By Water-Treatment Processes

Chemical Coagulation

Lime Softening

Activated Carbon

Reverse Osmosis

Ion Exchange

Analysis of Drinking Water for Trace Metals

Sample Treatment

Analysis

Occurrence

Chemical Characteristics

Metabolism

Health Effects

Analysis.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Magnesium

Conclusions And Recommendations

Tin

Health Aspects

Summary-Trace Metals

OTHER INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

Arsenic

Distribution

Excretion

Transformation

Toxic Effects in Humans

Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity

Toxic Effects in Animals

Teratogenicity

Interactions

Beneficial Effects

Determination of Arsenic in Drinking Water

Determination of Arsenic in Biologic Samples.

Conclusions and Recommendations.

Notes:

Vol. 8 has title: Pharmacokinetics in risk management ; 9: Selected issues in risk assessment.

Vols. 1-2 by the Safe Drinking Water Committee, Assembly of Life Sciences.

Vols. 5-6, 9 by the Safe Drinking Water Committee under the Assembly's later name, Commission on Life Sciences.

Vols. 5-6, 9 published by: National Academy Press.

Includes bibliographies and indexes.

Contains:

Pharmacokinetics in risk management.

ISBN:

1-280-24628-6

9786610246281

0-309-55400-4

0-585-16785-0

OCLC:

297988988