Restoration of aquatic ecosystems : science, technology, and public policy / Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems--Science, Technology, and Public Policy, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems--Science, Technology, and Public Policy.

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology Board.

National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aquatic ecology.

Aquatic ecology--Government policy--United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (574 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Aldo Leopold, father of the "land ethic," once said, "The time has come for science to busy itself with the earth itself. The first step is to reconstruct a sample of what we had to begin with." The concept he expressed--restoration--is defined in this comprehensive new volume that examines the prospects for repairing the damage society has done to the nation's aquatic resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical recommendations, and features case studies of aquatic restoration activities around the country. The committee examines Key concepts and techniques used in restoration. Common factors in successful restoration efforts. Threats to the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems. Approaches to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project. The emerging specialties of restoration and landscape ecology.

Contents:

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Summary

INTRODUCTION

NATIONAL STRATEGY

CONGRESS

LONG-TERM, LARGE-SCALE, COORDINATED RESTORATION-PLANNING, EVALUATING, AND MONITORING

LAKES

RIVERS AND STREAMS

WETLANDS

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

1 Overview

STUDY BACKGROUND

WHAT IS RESTORATION?

STATUS OF AQUATIC RESOURCES IN THE UNITED STATES

Restoration Initiative

Conditions of Lakes

Condition of Rivers and Streams

Conditions of Wetlands

NEED FOR NATIONAL AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION

REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READING

2 A Selective History of Changing Goals and Authority for Aquatic Ecosystem Management

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

NONSTRUCTURAL APPROACHES TO FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT

FEDERALLY OWNED LANDS AND PUBLIC INCENTIVES FOR PRIVATE DECISIONS

CHANGE AT CENTURY'S END

Congressional Actions in the Mid-1980s

Congressional Initiatives in the 1989-1990 Session

EMERGING ROLE OF THE STATES

3 Planning and Evaluating Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration

RESTORATION PROJECT PLANNING

Project Schedule

Project Scale

Genetic Issues

Human Influences

PURPOSE OF EVALUATION

SELECTING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND SYNTHESIZING DATA

Assessment Criteria

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

EMERGENT PROPERTIES

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4 Lakes

OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION-IMPORTANCE OF LAKES

STRESSES ON LAKES

Classes of Stresses and Their Effects

EUTROPHICATION

HYDROLOGICAL AND RELATED PHYSICAL CHANGES

SEDIMENTATION

EXOTIC SPECIES

ACIDIFICATION

CONTAMINATION BY TOXIC SUBSTANCES

Responses to Stresses-Status of U.S. Lakes

TROPHIC STATE

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

OTHER STRESSES.

LAKE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT

Definitions

RESTORATION USING THE CONCEPT OF ECOREGIONS

Criteria for Successful Restoration and Measures of Success

ECOLOGICAL CRITERIA

WATER QUALITY AND HUMAN USE CRITERIA

FEDERAL AND STATE PROGRAMS FOR LAKE RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT

Federal Programs

State Programs

Evaluation of Past Restoration Efforts: Need for Monitoring Data

Need for Coordination of Management Efforts

LAKE RESTORATION TECHNOLOGY

Overview

Eutrophication

CONTROL OF ALGAL BLOOMS

Nutrient Source Reduction

Dilution

In-Lake Methods to Reduce Phosphorus Concentrations and Cycling

Management of Symptoms

CONTROL OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES

Biological Agents

Water-Level Drawdown

Harvesting

Herbicides

LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Hypolimnetic Aeration

Artificial Circulation

Winter Aeration

Excess Sediment

Exotic Species

Acidification

Contaminants

INTEGRATED AQUATIC SYSTEMS

NEEDS IN LAKE RESTORATION

Needs in Federal Lakes Programs

Project Selection and Design

Need for Integration of Management Programs

Use the Ecoregion Concept to Restore Lakes

Research Needed

Education and Training

5 Rivers and Streams

INTRODUCTION-IMPORTANCE OF RIVERS AND STREAMS

CONCEPTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT AND RESTORATION OF RIVERS AND STREAMSCONCEPTS RELATED TO MANAGEMENT A...

Flow and Retention

Openness

Dynamism

Patchiness

Resistance and Resilience

THE RIVERINE-RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM

Integrative Concepts

Ecoregions as Applied to Rivers and Streams

STRESSES ON RIVERS AND STREAMS

Point Sources of Pollution

Nonpoint Sources of Pollution

Overgrazing

Drainage and Channelization

Suspended Sediment

Sediment Deposition

Dams.

Alteration of Flow Patterns

Boat Traffic

Acid

Fishing

FLUVIAL RESTORATION

Objectives

Priorities

Techniques

NONSTRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES

Legislative and Administrative Approaches

In-Stream Flow

Flow Regime

Floodplain Management

Establishment of Greenways

Fencing

STRUCTURAL TECHNIQUES FOR FLUVIAL RESTORATION

Species-Centered Restoration

Ecosystem Restoration

Constraints on Fluvial Restoration

CONCEPTUAL LIMITATIONS

INADEQUATE INFORMATION BASE

LACK OF APPROPRIATE EXPERTISE

Establish Reference Reaches for River and Stream Restoration

In-Stream Flow Requirements and Allocations

Land Use Management

Event-Triggered Sampling and Monitoring

Guiding Citizen Participation in Restoration Projects

National Rivers and Streams Inventory

Training and Education

6 Wetlands

Definition of Wetlands

Historical Perspectives on Wetlands

Functional Value of Wetlands

FOOD CHAIN SUPPORT

HYDROLOGIC FUNCTIONS

WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT FUNCTIONS

HUMAN VALUES

LOSS OF WETLANDS

Damages to Wetlands

Effects of Cumulative Impacts

Potential Impacts of Global Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

RESTORATION OPPORTUNITIES

Wetland Settings and Their Effects

COASTAL-ESTUARINE WETLANDS

STREAM AND RIVERINE WETLANDS

DEPRESSIONAL WETLANDS

LARGE FRESHWATER WETLANDS WITH POOR DRAINAGE

RESTORATION OF FORMER WETLANDS IN AGRICULTURAL USE

Federal Water Projects

PROGRAMS FOR WETLAND RESTORATION

Section 404, Clean Water Act

Conservation Reserve and Agricultural Wetland Reserve Programs

Farmers Home Administration and Resolution Trust Corporation Lands

STATUS OF WETLAND RESTORATION RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY

Importance of Setting Goals for Functional Value.

Techniques for Restoring Wetlands

REESTABLISHING RIVER FLOW

RESTORING FLOOD REGIMES

HALTING DRAINAGE

REESTABLISHING TOPOGRAPHY

CONTROLLING CONTAMINANT LOADINGS

REESTABLISHING BIOTA

CONSTRAINTS ON ACHIEVING RESTORATION GOALS

Degree of Disturbance to the Site and Its Landscape

RELATIVELY UNDISTURBED SITE

HIGHLY DISTURBED SITES

SITES WITH INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE

Ecological Constraints

Biological Constraints

CONSTRAINTS ON THREATENED SPECIES

CONSTRAINTS IMPOSED BY EXOTIC SPECIES

Institutional Constraints

REGULATORY VERSUS NONREGULATORY CONTEXT

Problems Encountered In Restoration Projects

CONTROVERSIES ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF RESTORATION PROJECTSCONTROVERSIES ABOUT THE SUCCESS OF RESTORATION...

Vested Interests

Different Standards of Evaluation

Duration of Evaluation Period

NEEDS

Need for Wetland Restoration

Setting a Wetland Restoration Goal

Need for Adaptive Management

Need for Improved Assessment

Need for High Standards in Assessing Functional Equivalency (Restored Versus Natural Wetlands)

Need to Accelerate the Restoration Process

Need for Research

APPLIED RESEARCH

Planning

Research Needs and Techniques

7 Intergrated Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration

INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO INTEGRATED AQUATIC RESTORATION

IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION TO WILDLIFE

APPROPRIATE SCALE FOR AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION

USE OF HISTORICAL RECORDS IN RECONSTRUCTING WATERSHEDS

Interpretation of Historical Data for Restoration Purposes

8 A National Restoration Strategy: Basic Elements and Related Recommendations

NATIONAL RESTORATION GOALS.

1. A National Restoration Strategy Should Be Directed Toward Broad-Based and Measurable Goals

2. A National Aquatic Ecosystem Assessment Process Should Monitor the Achievement of the Nation' Goals ...

PRINCIPLES FOR PRIORITY SETTING AND DECISION MAKING

3. Policies and Programs for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Should Emphasize a Landscape Perspective

4. Restoration Policies and Individual Restoration Projects Should Be Designed and Executed According ...

5. Evaluation and Ranking of Restoration Alternatives Should Be Based on an Assessment of Opportunity ...

POLICY AND PROGRAM REDESIGN FOR FEDERAL AGENCIES

6. The Definition of Restoration Used Throughout This Report Should Be Incorporated Into All Appropriate ...

7. A National Restoration Strategy Should Allocate Leadership to the Federal Government for Landscape ...

8. The Federal Government Should Initiate an Interagency and Intergovernmental Process to Develop a ...

9. The Development of a Unified National Program for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Should Be Facilitated ...

10. Current and Proposed Federal Programs Should Exploit Available Opportunities for Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration

CLEAN LAKES PROGRAM

EPA CONSTRUCTION GRANTS PROGRAM

FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM

Federal Water Resource Development

NOAA Water Resources Forecasting Services (WARFS)

INNOVATION IN FINANCING AND IN USE OF LAND AND WATER MARKETS

11. Congress Should Establish a National Aquatic Ecosystem Restoration Trust Fund

12. There Should be Increased Reliance on Local Environmental Restoration Boards for Program Planning ...

13. Congress Should Allow States and Local Governments to Trade Federal Funds Designated for Development ...

14. Congress Should Authorize Expansion of the Agricultural Wetland Reserve Program with Funds from.

15. The U.S. Government Should Encourage Water Pollution Credit Trading Programs to Finance Aquatic.

Notes:

"November 1991."

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610203529

9781280203527

1280203528

9780309596145

0309596149

9780585025377

0585025371

OCLC:

42329144