Livestock / Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Imperatives.

Series:

Managing global genetic resources.

Managing global genetic resources

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Livestock--Germplasm resources.

Livestock.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (293 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Agricultural techniques used to increase production of cattle, sheep, and other major species have actually threatened the future genetic diversity of livestock populations, particularly in the Third World. This volume explores the importance of animal genetic diversity and presents a blueprint for national and international efforts to conserve animal genetic resources. It also evaluates genetic techniques useful in conservation programs and provides specific recommendations for establishing data bases and conducting research.

Contents:

Managing Global Genetic Resources

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Executive Summary

TWO VIEWS ON LIVESTOCK CONSERVATION

GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK

Origins of Traditional Breeds

Displacement of Traditional Breeds

The Impact of Technology

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

WHY CONSERVE THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK?

Economic Benefits

Scientific Benefits

Sociocultural Benefits

TECHNOLOGIES FOR CONSERVING AND USING GERMPLASM

Molecular Technologies

Characterization of Genomes

Gene Transfer and Mapping Technologies

Genomic Libraries

Animal Reproduction Technologies

METHODS OF PRESERVING ANIMAL GERMPLASM

EFFORTS TO IMPLEMENT LIVESTOCK CONSERVATION

RECOMMENDATIONS

Expanded Programs and Activities

Documentation of Breeds

Increased Cooperation

Research and Technology Development

Cryopreservation as a Supplement to Breeding Populations

National Initiatives

A Global Organization

1 The Need to Conserve Livestock Genetic Resources

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL AGRICULTURE

THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON GENETIC DIVERSITY

Breeding and Improvement Technologies

Reproductive Technologies

Changes in Production Systems and Nutrition

RATIONALES FOR CONSERVING LIVESTOCK GENETIC RESOURCES

Economic Reasons for Conservation

Scientific Rationale

Cultural and Historical Rationale

APPROACHES TO LIVESTOCK CONSERVATION

The Utilizationist's View

The Preservationist's View

The Committee's View

2 Essential Conservation Considerations

CRITERIA FOR CONSERVING POPULATIONS

Status and Vulnerability of the Population

Uniqueness and Importance of the Population

STRATEGIES FOR SAMPLING POPULATIONS

METHODS FOR PRESERVING LIVESTOCK GERMPLASM

Managing Live Populations.

Public and Private Initiatives to Manage Live Populations

Cryopreservation

3 Measurement and Use of Genetic Variation

THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN SOCIETY

Subdivision into Breeds

FACTORS AFFECTING GENETIC VARIATION

Selection

Migration

Mutation

Genetic Drift

GERMPLASM USE

Industrial Stocks

Nonindustrial Populations

4 New Technology and Its Impact on Conservation

METHODS TO QUANTIFY GENETIC VARIATION

Molecular Quantification of Genetic Diversity and Distances

Characterizing Mitochondrial DNA

Developing Genetic Maps

DNA LIBRARIES AND GENE TRANSFER METHODOLOGIES

Establishing an Animal Genomic Library

Cloning Genes in a Library

Screening an Animal Genomic Library

Transfer of a Cloned Gene into Another Animal Line

DNA Libraries as Supplements to Conservation Programs

Identifying Quantitative Traits

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Cryopreservation of Semen and Embryos

Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer

Embryo Splitting and Cloning

Determining Sex

HEALTH STATUS OF GERMPLASM

5 National Programs

EXAMPLES OF CURRENT NATIONAL EFFORTS

Hungary

Brazil

India

Nongovernmental Projects

ORGANIZATIONAL ELEMENTS OF A NATIONAL PROGRAM

Documentation and Inventory

Animal Genetic Resources Data Base

Conservation of Unique and Endangered Populations

Evaluation and International Use of Indigenous and Exotic Populations

Collaboration with Other Programs

Opportunities for Research

GERMPLASM CONSERVATION IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Information and Data

6 International Programs and a Global Mechanism

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS

Efforts on a Global Level

The FAO Program on Managing Animal Genetic Resources

Global Inventory.

Breed Preservation

Indigenous Breed Development and Conservation

Gene Technologies

An International Legal Framework

INFORMATION SOURCES AND DATA BASES

Data Bases

CREATING REGIONAL STORES OF FROZEN GERMPLASM

RELATED ISSUES OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCE PROGRAMS

GLOBAL CONSERVATION OF ANIMAL GERMPLASM

Criteria for a Global Program

Donor Confidence

Scientific Capability

Administrative Expertise

Consultative Mechanism

Options for a Global Program

An Institute within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

Expanded Efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization

Expanded Support of an Existing Conservation Organization

References

Appendixes

Appendix A Global Status of Livestock and Poultry Species

Cattle

Europe

Asia

Africa

The Americas

Australia

Goats

Pigs

Australia and New Zealand

Horse

Sheep

Buffalo

Poultry

Chickens

Turkeys

Guinea Fowl

Japanese Quail

Domestic Ducks

Muscovy Ducks

Domestic Geese

Pigeons

Appendix B Embryo Transfer: An Assessment of the Risks of Disease Transmission

Embryo Transfer Technology in Domestic Species

The Disease Transmission Potential of Embryos

Mechanisms of Disease Transmission by Embryo Transfer

Studies of the Disease Transmission Potential of Embryos

Transmissibility of Specific Agents by Embryo Transfer

African Swine Fever Virus

Results and Conclusions

Akabane Virus

Bluetongue Virus

Bovine Leukemia Virus

Results and Conclusions.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Brucella Abortus

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Haemophilus Somnus

Hog Cholera Virus

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus

Porcine Parvovirus

Pseudorabies Virus

Rinderpest Virus

Scrapie

Swine Vesicular Disease Virus

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus

Conclusions

Constraints to the International Exchange of Embryos

Recommendations

ANNEX B-1 SANITARY TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING EMBRYOS

Embryo Collection

Embryo Washing

Trypsin Treatment of Embryos

Inspection of Embryos for Intactness of Zona Pellucida

Micromanipulation of Embryos

Cryopreservation and Thawing of Embryos

Embryo Identification

Embryo Transfer

Conclusion

ANNEX B-2 TABLES SUMMARIZING RESEARCH DATA

Appendix C Animal Genetic Resources: Sperm

Major Species of Domestic Livestock Involved in International Germplasm Trade

Artificial Breeding Centers and Donor Animal Requirements

Control of Collection, Handling, Preservation, and Storage of Semen

Major Diseases of Concern in Artificial Breeding

List A Agents

Lumpy Skin Disease (Neethling Virus)

Sheep and Goat Pox Virus

Rift Valley Fever Virus

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia

Summary

List B Agents

Bacterial and Protozoal Agents.

Mycoplasmas

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

Bovine Leukosis Virus

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Ephemeral Fever Virus

Parainfluenza 3 Virus

Diseases of Sheep and Goats

Diseases of Horses

Poultry Diseases

Artificial Breeding of Endangered and Rare Species

Recommendations for Further Research

Glossary

Abbreviations

Authors

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610211814

9781280211812

1280211814

9780309562430

0309562430

9780585153964

0585153965

OCLC:

44964564