Placing children in special education : a strategy for equity / Panel on Selection and Placement of Students in Programs for the Mentally Retarded, Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council ; Kirby A. Heller, Wayne H. Holtzman, and Samuel Messick, editors.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Selection and Placement of Students in Programs for the Mentally Retarded.

Contributor:

Heller, Kirby A.

Holtzman, Wayne H.

Messick, Samuel.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Child Development Research and Public Policy.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Children with mental disabilities--Education--Congresses.

Children with mental disabilities.

Students--Rating of--Congresses.

Students.

Educational tests and measurements--Congresses.

Educational tests and measurements.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xiii, 381 pages) : illustrations, charts

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1982.

Language Note:

English

Contents:

Placing Children in Special Education: A Strategy for Equity

Copyright

Contents

PREFACE

REPORT OF THE PANEL

1 Introduction: Disproportion in Special Education

THE EXTENT OF EMR DISPROPORTION IN AMERICAN PUBLIC SCHOOLS

POTENTIAL CAUSES OF DISPROPORTION IN EMR PROGRAMS

Legal and Administrative Requirements

Characteristics of Students

Quality of the Instruction Received

Possible Biases in the Assessment Process

Characteristics of the Home and Family Environment

Broader Historical and Cultural Contexts

DISPROPORTION: PROBLEMATIC OR SYMPTOMATIC?

A LOOK AHEAD

2 Placement in Special Education: Historical Developments and Current Procedures

WHO ARE THE CHILDREN CLASSIFIED AS EMR?

Some Descriptive Information About the EMR Population

Age

Sex

Socioeconomic Status, Ethnicity, and Sociocultural Factors

Biosocial Characteristics

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN SPECIAL EDUCATION

Origins of Special Education

Intelligence Testing for Placement of Mentally Retarded Students

Developments in the Special Education System

Disproportionate Placement of Minorities and Court Decisions

Mainstreaming in Regular Classes

Federal Legislation and the Rights of the Handicapped

CURRENT PROCEDURES IN EDUCATIONAL PLACEMENT

A Description of the Placement Process

Factors Influencing the Placement Process

The Effects of the Placement Process on Minority Students

3 Assessment: Issues and Methods

COMPREHENSIVE INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT

IQ Testing: Controversies, Implications, and Alternatives

The Nature-Nurture Issue

The Issue of Test Validity

The Issue of Racial and Cultural Bias

Bias in the Test Situation

Item Bias

Differential Prediction

Conclusion

Alternative Measures of Intellectual Functioning

Conclusions.

Individual Measures Outside the Intellectual Domain

Biomedical Measures

Adaptive Behavior Scales

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT IN CONTEXT: A TWO-PHASE PROCESS

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4 Effective Instruction for Mildly Mentally Retarded Children

EVIDENCE ON EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION FOR MILDLY MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

The Question of Setting

Features of Effective Instruction

Academic Outcomes

Social Outcomes

Cognitive Process Skills

CONCLUSIONS

Instructional Setting

Categorical Labeling

SUMMARY AND SOME CAUTIONS

Masking Individual Differences

Unknown Effects on Other Children

Behavioral Bias in Research

Evaluation Criteria

5 New Approaches to Assessment and Instruction

MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS: PRINCIPLES OF RESPONSIBILITY

Alternative Strategies Within the Regular Classroom

Implications for Implementation

Suggested Research

On Alternative Strategies Within the Regular Classroom

On the Evaluation of Natural Experiments

On the Assessment of Learning Environments

Valid Assessment

On the Identification and Development of Measurement Instruments That Validly Assess Functional Needs

On Current Practices Providing an Alternative to IQ Tests

On Current Practices That Incorporate Broader Measures of Individual Functioning

Classification and the Provision of Needed Services

On Implications of Labeling Children on the Basis of Patterns of Functional Needs

On the Impact of Revised Classification Systems

On the Effectiveness of Alternative Instructional Approaches

Evaluation of the Quality and Effectiveness of Special Education

On Measurement Technologies.

On Administrative Practices

Retention in the Special Education Classroom

On Retention Guidelines

On Children Who Require Ongoing Services

Examination of the Patterns of Special Education Placement

Discussion

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OCR'S DATA COLLECTION AND MONITORING

The OCR Surveys

The Questionnaires

Level of Aggregation

Checks on the Data

Research on Hispanic and Other Minority Groups

Research on Small School Districts

Research on Southern School Districts

References

BACKGROUND PAPERS

Biological and Social Factors Contributing to Mild Mental Retardation

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MILD MENTAL RETARDATION

Types of Data

Limitations of the Data

Prevalence of Mild Mental Retardation

VARIATIONS RELATED TO POPULATION SUBGROUPS

Socioeconomic Differences

Racial and Ethnic Differences

Sex Differences

Geographic Differences

Age Differences

Summary

THE BIOSOCIAL ROOTS OF MILD RETARDATION

Preconception Influences

Genetic Factors

Demographic Risk Factors

Early Prenatal Influences

Intrauterine Infections

Maternal Alcoholism

Perinatal Influences

Postnatal Biosocial Influences

Malnutrition

Lead Intoxication

Family Resources, Child-Rearing Practices, and Individual Learning Styles

Classifying Mentally Retarded Students: A Review of Placement Practices in Special Education

INTRODUCTION

PLACEMENT MODELS

EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON PLACEMENT

Screening And Referral

Federal Mandate

Increases in Enrollment

Who Does the Referring?

What Influences Screening and Referral Rates and Content?

Outcomes of Identification

Minority Representation and Screening and Referral

Evaluation.

Federal Mandate

How Are Evaluations Conducted?

What Influences Assessment Decisions?

What Is the Quality of the Decision?

Minority Representation and Evaluation

IEPs and Least Restrictive Environments

Status of Implementation

Problems in Implementation

Content of IEPs

Requirements for Least Restrictive Environments

Minority Representation and IEPs

Parental Involvement and Due Process

Minority Representation, Parental Involvement, and Due Process

SUMMARY

Evaluation

Parental Involvement And Due Process

Testing in Educational Placement: Issues and Evidence

TESTING ON TRIAL: BRIEFS FOR THE DEFENSE AND FOR THE PROSECUTION

WHAT DO "INTELLIGENCE" TESTS MEASURE?

ARE TESTS BIASED?

Bias In The Test Situation

Item Analysis: Ruby Is A Red Herring

Differential Predictive Validity

WHAT CAUSES INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP VARIATIONS IN IQ?

Effects of Special Education Placement on Educable Mentally Retarded Children

EFFICACY STUDIES

Sampling

Instrumentation

Identification Of Treatments And Populations

RESEARCH IN THE POST-EFFICACY STUDY ERA: THE EFFECTS OF MAINSTREAMING

Definitions of Mainstreaming

Academic Achievement of EMR Children

Social Adjustment

Special Education Placement and the Minority Child

Effects of Mainstreaming on Non-EMR Children

Effects on Academic Achievement

Effects of Labels

Social Acceptance of EMR Children by Their Non-EMR Peers

Effects of Mainstreaming on Teachers

Effects of Teachers Expectations

Teachers Attitudes Toward Mainstreaming

Factors Affecting the Implementation of Mainstreaming

CONCLUSION.

References

Some Potential Incentives of Special Education Funding Practices

THE FEDERAL SPECIAL-NEEDS PROGRAMS

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act

Title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965

The Bilingual Education Act

Other Programs

THE STATE ROLE IN FINANCING SPECIAL EDUCATION

Types of Funding Formulas

Implications of Funding Arrangements

Resource-Based Formulas

Child-Based Formulas

Cost-Based Formulas

A Comparison of Formulas

INCENTIVES IN THE FEDERAL APPROACH TO FUNDING SPECIAL SERVICES

NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

CONCLUSION

Patterns in Special Education Placement As Revealed By the OCR Surveys

THE 1978 OCR SURVEY

TECHNICAL ISSUES

Measuring Group Differences in Placements

Disaggregation of Data

Scoring Disproportion for Districts and States

GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN DISPROPORTION

THE AVAILABILITY PHENOMENON

DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND DISPROPORTION

Enrollment

Percentage of Minority Enrollment

Socioeconomic Standing

Desegregation and Racial Balance

STUDENT SUSPENSIONS AND EMR DISPROPORTION

TIME SPENT IN EMR CLASSES

DISPROPORTION IN OTHER SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS

Trainable Mentally Retarded

Seriously Emotionally Disturbed

Specific Learning Disabilities

Speech-Impaired

EMR DISPROPORTION IN SEPARATE RACIAL OR ETHNIC GROUPS

Blacks

Hispanics

American Indians or Alaskan Natives

Asian or Pacific Islanders

Socioeconomic Standing and Suspensions for Specific Minority Groups

DISPROPORTION AND STATE EMR CRITERIA

APPENDIX

Examples of Smoothing Data for Small Districts.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610246151

9781280246159

1280246154

9780309554275

0309554276

9780585144627

0585144621

OCLC:

666943759