Causes and effects of stratospheric ozone reduction : an update / a report prepared by the Committee on Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Depletion and the Committee on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation ; Environmental Studies Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council Staff, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Atmospheric ozone--Environmental aspects.

Atmospheric ozone.

Atmospheric chemistry.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (351 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington : National Academy Press, 1982.

Language Note:

English

Contents:

Causes and Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Reduction: An Update

Copyright

Contents

PREFACE

SUMMARY

Introduction

Chemistry and Physics of Ozone Reduction

Key Findings and Conclusions

Recommendations

Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

PART I: CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF OZONE REDUCTION

Chapter 1-Current Status

INTRODUCTION

PROCESSES DETERMINING OZONE CONCENTRATIONS

Perturbations by Chlorine

Perturbations by Oxides of Nitrogen

Perturbations by Other Species

CURRENT STATUS OF MODELS OF THE STRATOSPHERE

MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF TRENDS

THE QUESTION OF EARLY DETECTION

UNCERTAINTY

FINDINGS

RECOMMENDATIONS

PART II-BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INCREASED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

Chapter 2-Introduction

THE PROBLEM

THE UNDERLYING BIOLOGICAL QUESTIONS

Chapter 3-Molecular and Cellular Studies

Damage to DNA

DNA Repair

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

Transformation of Cells in Culture

Photoproducts in DNA

Action Spectra for Affecting Simple Cellular Systems

Effects of UV on Photoproducts in Animal and Human Skin

Action Spectra for Immune Responses

Mitigation and Enhancement of UV-B Effects by Light at Other Wavelengths

Sunlight and UV-B in Bacterial Systems

Sunlight or Broad-Band Radiation and Mammalian Cells

RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

Chapter 4-Ecosystems and their Components

EFFECTS ON PLANTS

Research Difficulties

Advances in Knowledge

EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC ANIMALS

EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS

Chapter 5-Direct Human Health Hazards

ANATOMICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SKIN AND BLOOD

EFFECTS OTHER THAN CANCER.

Acute Responses of Normal Skin to UV: Whole Organ Inflammation

Long-term Effects of UV on Skin: Solar Degeneration

Effects of UV on the Immune System

Effects of UV on the Eye

CANCER EFFECTS

Basal and Squamous Cell Skin Cancers

What was Known by 1979

Melanomas

PROTECTION AGAINST DAMAGE FROM SUNLIGHT

REFERENCES

GLOSSARY

A

B

C

D

E

F

H

I

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

X

LIST OF CHEMICAL SYMBOLS

APPENDIXES

Appendix A-Perturbations of the Stratosphere and Ozone Depletion

Historical Background

Natural Perturbations to Atmospheric Ozone

Man's Impact: Assessment and Uncertainty in 1981

Recommendations for Research

References

Appendix B-Stratospheric Perturbations-the Role of Dynamics, Transport, and Climate Change

Progress in Quantitative Models of Transport

One-Dimensional Models

Two-Dimensional Models

Three-Dimensional Models

Advances in Theoretical Understanding of Stratospheric Transport

Connections Between Stratospheric Ozone, Stratospheric Temperature Structure, and Climate Change

Appendix C-Recent Developments in Stratospheric Photochemistry

Effects of New Kinetic Data on Model Results

Species Concentrations

Rates for Catalytic Cycles

Global Distribution and Balance of Ozone

Ozone Response to Environmental Change

Outstanding Problems of Present Models for the Stratosphere

Long-lived Trace Gases

Chemistry at High Latitudes

Chemistry of Key Radicals

Summary Statement

Appendix D-The Measurement of Trace Reactive Species in the Stratosphere: A Review of Recent Results

Review of Data Base on Trace Species.

Group 1: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Chlorine

Chlorine Monoxide (ClO)

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine Dioxide Radical (ClOO)

Symmetrical Chlorine Dioxide (OClO)

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Hydrogen Oxychloride (HOCl)

Chlorine Nitrate (ClONO2)

Group 2: Reactive Trace Species Containing Hydrogen

The Hydroxyl Radical (OH)

The Hydroperoxyl Radical (HO2)

Atomic Hydrogen (H)

Molecular Hydrogen (H2)

Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

Water Vapor (H2O)

Group 3: Oxygen

Atomic Oxygen in the Ground State (O(3P))

Atomic Oxygen in an Excited State (O(1D))

Singlet Delta Molecular Oxygen (O2(1Δ))

Singlet Sigma Molecular Oxygen (O2(b1Σ))

Other Electronically Excited States of Molecular Oxygen (O2*)

Ozone (O3)

Group 4: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Nitrogen

Nitric Oxide (NO)

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Atomic Nitrogen (N)

The Nitrate Radical (NO3)

Dinitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5)

Nitrous Acid (HONO)

Nitric Acid (HONO2)

Group 5: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Bromine

The Bromine Monoxide Radical (BrO)

Atomic Bromine (Br)

The Bromine Dioxide Radical (BrO2)

Bromine Dioxide (OBrO)

Hydrogen Bromide (HBr)

Hydrogen Oxybromide (HOBr)

Bromine Nitrate (BrONO2)

Group 6: Reactive Trace Constituents Containing Fluorine

Fluorine Monoxide (FO)

Atomic Fluorine (F)

The Fluorine Dioxide Radical (FO2)

Fluorine Dioxide (OFO)

Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)

How Well does the Current Data Base on Stratospheric Reactive Trace Species Constrain Model Predictions of Ozone...

Chlorine-Induced Destruction of Ozone

The [ClO] Profile

The [OH] Profile

Nitrogen Induced Destruction of Ozone

The [NO2] Profile

The [HONO2] Profile

The Profile of the Ratio of [O(3P)] to [O3]

Stratospheric Trace Species Measurements: Prospects for the Next Three Years.

References

Appendix E-Trend Analysis of Total Ozone

Statistical Analysis of the Dobson Network

Spatial Bias

Low-Frequency Variations

Summary and Recommendations

Appendix F-Detection of Trends in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone

Umkehr Method

Balloon-Borne Ozonesondes

Satellite Methods

Questions of Causality

Conclusions

Appendix G-The Association of DNA Damage with Cancer-Initiating Events

Appendix H-Participants in the Workshop on Biological Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation

Appendix I-Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Consultants

Committee Members

Consultants.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies.

ISBN:

1-280-24602-2

9786610246021

0-309-55430-6

0-585-22747-0

OCLC:

44959451