DNA technology in forensic science / Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science, Board on Biology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Forensic genetics--Congresses.

Forensic genetics.

DNA fingerprinting--Congresses.

DNA fingerprinting.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (198 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Matching DNA samples from crime scenes and suspects is rapidly becoming a key source of evidence for use in our justice system. DNA Technology in Forensic Science offers recommendations for resolving crucial questions that are emerging as DNA typing becomes more widespread. The volume addreses key issues: Quality and reliability in DNA typing, including the introduction of new technologies, problems of standardization, and approaches to certification. DNA typing in the courtroom, including issues of population genetics, levels of understanding among judges and juries, and admissibility. Societal issues, such as privacy of DNA data, storage of samples and data, and the rights of defendants to quality testing technology. Combining this original volume with the new update-- The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence --provides the complete, up-to-date picture of this highly important and visible topic. This volume offers important guidance to anyone working with this emerging law enforcement tool: policymakers, specialists in criminal law, forensic scientists, geneticists, researchers, faculty, and students.

Contents:

DNA Technology in Forensic Science

Copyright

Preface

A Statement by the Committee on DNA Technology in Forensic Science

Contents

Summary

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Recommendations

STATISTICAL BASIS FOR INTERPRETATION

STANDARDS

DATABANKS AND PRIVACY OF INFORMATION

DNA INFORMATION IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM

DNA TYPING AND SOCIETY

1 Introduction

BACKGROUND

GENETIC BASIS OF DNA TYPING

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA

Individual Variation in DNA

TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF DNA TYPING

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

Polymerase Chain Reaction for Amplifying DNA

POPULATION GENETICS RELEVANT TO THE INTERPRETATION OF DNA TYPING

Estimating the Frequency of Alleles in Populations

Population Substructure

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OPTIMAL FORENSIC DNA TYPING SYSTEM

REFERENCES

2 DNA Typing: Technical Considerations

ESSENTIALS OF A FORENSIC DNA TYPING PROCEDURE

Scientific Foundations

Written Laboratory Protocol

Procedure For Identifying Patterns

Procedure For Declaring a Match

Identification of Potential Artifacts

Sensitivity to Quantity, Mixture, and Contamination

Experiential Foundation

Publication and Scientific Scrutiny

TECHNICAL ISSUES IN RFLP ANALYSIS

Choice of Probes

Southern Blot Preparation

Identification of DNA Patterns

Examination of a Control Pattern

Single-Band Patterns

Anomalous Bands

Reporting of Anomalies

Measurement of Fragments

Match Criteria

Retention of Sample

TECHNICAL ISSUES IN PCR-BASED METHODS

Technical Issues Related to Amplification

Amplification Conditions

Qualitative and Quantitative Fidelity

Amplification Inhibition

Contamination

Issues Related to Detection of Amplified Product.

Reverse Dot Hybridization

Other Detection Methods

Use of Kits

Prospects of PCR-Based Methods

NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON FORENSIC DNA TYPING

SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS

3 DNA Typing: Statistical Basis for Interpretation

ESTIMATING THE POPULATION FREQUENCY OF A DNA PATTERN

Estimating Frequencies of DNA Patterns by Counting

Estimating Frequencies of DNA Patterns with the Multiplication Rule(Product Rule)

Validity of Multiplication Rule and Population Substructure

Basis of Concern About Population Substructure

Assessing Population Substructure Requires Direct Sampling of EthnicGroups

The Ceiling Principle: Accounting for Population Substructure

DETERMINING ALLELE FREQUENCIES IN A POPULATION DATABANK

IMPLICATIONS OF GENETIC CORRELATIONS AMONG RELATIVES

IMPLICATIONS OF INCREASED POWER OF DNA TYPING COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONALSEROLOGY

LABORATORY ERROR RATES

TOWARD A FIRM FOUNDATION FOR STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION

Population Studies to Set Ceiling Frequencies

Reporting of Statistical Results

Openness of Population Databanks

Reporting of Laboratory Error Rates

4 Ensuring High Standards

DEFINING THE PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY ASSURANCE

POTENTIAL METHODS FOR ENSURING QUALITY

Certification of Individuals

Laboratory Accreditation

Licensing of Laboratories

Funding Contingent On Adherence to Standards

QUALITY ASSURANCE IN RELATED FIELDS

INITIAL EFFORTS TOWARD ESTABLISHING STANDARDS IN FORENSIC DNA TYPING

A REGULATORY PROGRAM FOR DNA TYPING

Components of a Suitable Program

The Role of Professional Organizations

The Role of Government

Support for Education, Training, and Research

5 Forensic DNA Databanks and Privacy of Information.

COMPARISON OF DNA PROFILES AND LATENT FINGERPRINTS

CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY

METHODOLOGICAL STANDARDIZATION

COST VERSUS BENEFIT

WHOSE SAMPLES SHOULD BE INCLUDED?

Samples from Convicted Offenders

Samples from Suspects

Samples from Victims

Samples from Missing Persons and Unidentified Bodies

Crime-Scene Samples from Unidentified Persons

Samples from Members of the General Population

Samples from Anonymous Persons for Population Genetics

SAMPLE STORAGE

INFORMATION TO BE INCLUDED AND MAINTAINED IN A DATABANK

RULES ON ACCESSIBILITY

STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION OF DATABANK MATCHES

STATUS OF DATABANK DEVELOPMENT

State Level

Federal Level

MODEL COOPERATIVE INFORMATION RESOURCE

6 Use of DNA Information in the Legal System

ADMISSIBILITY

The Frye Test

Admissibility According to the Helpfulness Standard

Cases on Admissibility of DNA Evidence Under the Federal Rules

Recent Appellate Opinions

Admissibility Statutes

DNA DATABANKS ON CONVICTED FELONS: LEGAL ASPECTS

ASSESSING THE ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE BASED ON RESULTS OF FURTHERADVANCES IN DNA TECHNOLOGY

SUGGESTIONS FOR USE OF DNA EVIDENCE

DNA EVIDENCE AND THE VARIOUS PARTIES IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM

The Jury

The Prosecutor

The Defense

TESTING LABORATORIES

PROTECTIVE ORDERS

AVAILABILITY AND COST OF EXPERTS

REFERENCES AND FOOTNOTES

7 DNA Typing and Society

ECONOMIC ASPECTS

ETHICAL ASPECTS

Moral Rights

Nonmonetary Costs and Benefits

ABUSE AND MISUSE OF DNA INFORMATION

EXPECTATIONS

ACCOUNTABILITY AND PUBLIC SCRUTINY

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE

Organizational Abbreviations

Glossary

Biographical Information on Committee Members

Participants

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610203444

9780309185585

0309185580

9781280203442

1280203447

9780309583695

0309583691

9780585002316

0585002312

OCLC:

57596406