Asbestiform fibers : nonoccupational health risks / Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers, Board on Toxicology and Environmental Health Hazards, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Asbestos fibers--Toxicology.

Asbestos fibers.

Asbestos fibers--Environmental aspects.

Risk management.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvii, 334 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1984.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

More than 30 million tons of asbestos used in the United States since 1900 is present as insulation in offices and schools, as vinyl-asbestos flooring in homes, and in other common products. This volume presents an evaluation of the relation of these fibers to specific diseases and the extent of non-occupational risks associated with them.

Contents:

Asbestiform Fibers

Copyright

Preface

References

Contents

Executive Summary

ORIGIN OF THE STUDY

MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Evaluation of Risk

Physicochemical Properties and Health Effects

Recommendations

SUMMARY OF THE STUDY

Background

Materials of Concern

Relationship of Fiber Characteristics to Health Effects

Measurement and Extent of Exposure

Health Effects Methodology

Health Effects of Asbestos

Health Effects of Nonasbestos Asbestiform Fibers

Evidence Associating Fiber Properties with Adverse Health Effects

Risk Assessments

1 Introduction

CONCURRENT NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ASBESTOS

THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH

REFERENCES

2 Asbestiform Fibers: Historical Background, Terminology, and Physicochemical Properties

ASBESTOS IN HISTORY

MINERALOGICAL TERMINOLOGY

SOURCES OF MINERAL PARTICLES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTIFORM FIBERS

Fiberlike Morphology

Enhanced Strength and Flexibility

Diameter-Dependent Strength

Increased Physical and Chemical Durability

Defect-Free Surface Structure

Growth-Dependent Fiber Quality

BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Respirability

Size and Aspect Ratio (Length:Diameter)

Durability

Flexibility and Tensile Strength

Chemical Composition

Surface Area

Surface Charge

Standardized Asbestos Samples

SUMMARY

RECOMMENDATIONS

3 Assessing Nonoccupational Exposures to Asbestiform Fibers

DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE

ASBESTIFORM FIBERS AND THEIR SOURCES

EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ASBESTOS

Types of Exposure

Quantitative Exposure Estimates

EXPOSURE TO OTHER NATURAL MINERAL FIBERS

Attapulgite

Erionite

EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE FIBERS

Man-Made Mineral Fibers

Exposure to Other Man-Made Fibers.

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4 Measurement of Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers

MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES

MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE WORKPLACE

The Impinger Technique

The Membrane Filter Technique

MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT

RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIOUS EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT METHODS

EXPOSURE TO CHRYSOTILE IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT

COMPLICATING FACTORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAYS

FUTURE MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS

5 Effects of Asbestiform Fibers on Human Health

NATURE OF EVIDENCE

BIODISPOSITION OF FIBERS

Fiber Deposition

Clearance and Transport

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES

Necessary Assumptions Used in Determining Health Effects

Sensitivity and Specificity of Clinical Evidence

General Diagnostic Measures

DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH NONOCCUPATIONAL INHALATION EXPOSURES TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS

Asbestos Exposure from Household Contacts

Neighborhood Exposure to Asbestos

Natural Sources of Asbestiform Fibers

Summary

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE INGESTION OF ASBESTOS IN DRINKING WATER

OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES-METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

CANCER MORTALITY IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS

Mining and Milling

Manufacturing

Insulation

Shipyards

Relative Carcinogenicity of Different Types of Asbestos

Effects of Smoking

ASBESTOSIS AND ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL DISEASE IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS

Mortality Studies

Morbidity Studies

HEALTH EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS12

Morbidity

Mortality

ADDITIONAL OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES

Talc

REFERENCES.

6 Laboratory Studies of the Effects of Asbestiform Fibers

STUDIES IN ANIMALS

Lung Cancer

Mesothelioma

Fibrosis

Events in the Gastrointestinal Tract After Exposure to Asbestos

IN VITRO STUDIES

Hemolytic Assays

Cytotoxicity Studies

Alterations in Cells of the Immune System After Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers

Effects on Fibroblasts In Vitro

INITIATION-PROMOTION MODEL OF CARCINOGENESIS

Interaction of Asbestiform Fibers with DNA

Tumor Promotion

In Vitro Studies with Mesothelial Cells

Interactions Between Fibers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

CONCLUSIONS

Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Lung Tumors?

Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Malignant Mesothelioma?

Asbestiform Fibers: Possible Mechanisms of Fibrosis

7 Risk Assessment

THE PROCESS OF RISK ASSESSMENT

QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT

Mathematical Model For Carcinogenic Risk Estimate

PUBLISHED RISK ASSESSMENTS

Lung Cancer Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures

Mesothelioma Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures

QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NONOCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES

Lifetime Risk Estimates For Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma

Risk Assessments For Special Subpopulations

COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT

Methods

General Methodological Considerations

Scoring Considerations

Discussion of Comparative Risks

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Appendix A Asbestos Exposure and Human Disease. Hallmark Observations and Studies From 1898 to 1979

Appendix B Natural and Synthetic Fibrous Substances and Some of their Known Biological Effects

Appendix C Fiber-Quality Parameters of Selected Asbestos, Whisker, and Glass Fibers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIBER-QUALITY PARAMETERS

Appendix D Conceptual Model of Fiber Exposure

Appendix E Epidemiological Studies Among Cohorts Exposed To Asbestos

Appendix F Effects of Administering Asbestiform Fibers to Animals

Appendix G Development of Some Equations Used for Quantitative Risk Assessment

REFERENCE

Appendix H Comparative Risk Assessment Score Sheets

EXPOSURE

BIODISPOSITION

EFFECTS

Appendix I Background Information on Members of the Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies.

ISBN:

9786610247172

9781280247170

1280247177

9780309557573

0309557577

9780585144696

0585144699

OCLC:

44963267