Global tropospheric chemistry : a plan for action / Global Tropospheric Chemistry Panel, Board of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Global Tropospheric Chemistry Panel.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Atmospheric chemistry.

Troposphere.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (208 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1984.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

In a giant step toward managing today's pollution problems more effectively, this report lays out a framework to coordinate an interdisciplinary and international investigation of the chemical composition and cycles of the troposphere. The approach includes geographical surveys, field measurements, the development of appropriate models, and improved instrumentation.

Contents:

Global Tropospheric Chemistry

Copyright

FOREWORD

PREFACE

Contents

PART I A PLAN FOR ACTION

Executive Summary

1 The Need for an Program

PUBLIC POLICY PROBLEMS AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY

ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: TOOL, SCIENCE, OR BOTH?

TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY: THE PROSPECTUS

2 A Framework

SOURCES

TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMATION

Homogeneous Gas-Phase Transformations

Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Transformations

Heterogeneous Transformations

REMOVAL

PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF TRACE SUBSTANCES IN THE TROPOSPHERE

SUMMARY

3 A Proposed Program

LONG-TERM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BIOLOGICAL SOURCES OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMICALS

Investigations of Specific Sources

Tundra, Taiga, and Freshwater Marshes

Tropical Forests

Biomass Burning

Coastal Wetland and Estuarine Environments

Agricultural Biomes

Open Oceans

Temperate Forests

Savannas and Temperate Grasslands

Needs for Instruments and Verification of Methods

GLOBAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT

Chemical Species and Measurement Techniques

Experimental Design

Measurement Validation

Observational Protocol

Principles For Network Design

Strategy for Obtaining Vertical Distribution Data

The Program

Phase I

Phase II

PHOTOCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

Theory Validation Experiments

Identification of Critical Measurements

Sampling Strategy

Instrument Readiness

Concentration Distribution Experiment

Instrumentation

Platforms

Laboratory Measurement Requirements

Mechanistic Studies of Family Chemical Systems

Measurements of Individual Gas-Phase Rate Coefficients

Fundamental Spectroscopic and Photochemical Studies

Photochemical Modeling

CONVERSION, REDISTRIBUTION, AND REMOVAL

Experimental Constraints

Recommended Field Experiments.

Wet Removal Experiment

Dry Removal Experimental Program

Future Experiments

MODELING THE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMICAL SYSTEM

Models for Biological and Surface Sources and Sinks

Models for Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport

Models for Photochemical Transformations

Modds for Conversion, Redistribution, and Removal Processes

Summary

INSTRUMENT AND PLATFORM REQUIREMENTS

Field and Laboratory Instrumentation

Aircraft

Ships

Satellites

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

4 Global Tropospheric Chemistry-A Call to Action

PART II ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT UNDERSTANDING

5 Critical Processes Affecting the Distribution of Chemical Species

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Monitoring Concepts

Network Design

Temporal Considerations

Vertical Distribution Measurements

BIOLOGICAL AND SURFACE SOURCES

The Importance of Biological Sources

The Nature of Biological Sources

Globally Important Biomes

Tundra and Other Northern Environments

Tropical Areas (Forests and Savannas)

Tropical Areas

Coastal Marsh, Estuary, and Continental Shelf Environments

Point Sources

Rice Agriculture

Productive Oceans

Issues of Closure

HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS

Homogeneous Gas-Phase Chemistry

Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: HxOy

Cyclic Photochemical Transformations: NxOy

Ozone Transformations/Photochemical Sources and Sinks

Noncyclic Transformations

Heterogeneous Processes

WET AND DRY REMOVAL PROCESSES

Wet Deposition

Fog and Dewfall

Dry Deposition

6 The Role of Modeling in Understanding Tropospheric Chemical Processes.

PRINCIPLES OF MODELING

EXISTING MODELS

MODELING IN SUPPORT OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH PROGRAMS

Biological and Surface Source Models

Modeling Noncyclic Transformation and Removal Processes in Clouds

Modeling Fast-Photochemical Cycles and Transformations

Modeling Global Distributions and Long-Range Transport with a Three-Dimensional Meteorological Model

Institutional Framework For Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Tropospheric Chemistry System Model (TCSM)

7 Tropospheric Chemical Cycles

WATER (HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE)

Sources

Transport and Distribution

Transformation and Sinks

TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BY C. C. DELWICHE

OZONE

Sinks

Distribution/Climatology

Issues

FIXED NITROGEN CYCLE

Current Issues

Distributions

Transformations

Removal

SULFUR CYCLE

Sources and Distributions

Carbonyl Sulfide (COS)

Carbon Disulfide (CS2)

Dimethylsulfide (Ch3)2S

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

Transformations and Sinks

Role of Clouds and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry

CARBON CYCLE

The Cycles of Reactive Carbon Compounds

Distribution

The Cycle of Carbon Dioxide

Interaction with Other Cycles

HALOGENS

Distribution of Halogens in the Atmosphere

Sources of Atmospheric Halogens

Reactions and Transformations of Halogens

Removal Processes for Halogens

TRACE ELEMENTS

Sources and Transport

AEROSOL PARTICLES

Transport

Removal Processes

Conclusions

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

8 Instrumentation Development Needs for Use of Mass-Balance Technique

9 Instrument and Platform Survey

INSTRUMENTATION FOR IN SITU MEASUREMENTS

REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY

AIRCRAFT PLATFORMS

OCEANOGRAPHIC PLATFORMS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

APPENDIXES

Appendix A Current Tropospheric Chemistry Research in the United States

NAD's Atmospheric Chemistry Program

NASA's Global Tropospheric Experiment

Noaa's Geophysical Monitoring for Climatic Change Program

NSF's Searex Program

The National ACID Precipitation Assessment Program

Other Related Programs

Appendix B Remote Sensor Technology

Present Spaceborne Sensor Measurements

Hazy AIR Masses

Measurement of AIR Pollution from Satellites (MAPS)

Future Instrument Techniques

Passive Remote Sensors

Active Remote Sensors

Future Thrusts

Recommendations and Conclusions

Sensor Systems Panel Recommendations

Sensing Technology Panel Recommendations

Appendix C Element Cycle Matrices

INDEX.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

9786610222179

9781280222177

1280222174

9780309554572

0309554578

9780585144962

0585144966

OCLC:

44964786