Air pollution, the automobile, and public health / Ann Y. Watson, Richard R. Bates, Donald Kennedy, editors ; sponsored by the Health Effects Institute.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Watson, Ann Y.

Bates, Richard R.

Kennedy, Donald, 1931-2020.

Health Effects Institute.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Automobiles--Motors--Exhaust gas--Toxicology--United States.

Automobiles.

Automobiles--Motors--Exhaust gas--Physiological effect--United States.

Automobiles--Motors--Exhaust gas--Environmental aspects--United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (702 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1988.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

"The combination of scientific and institutional integrity represented by this book is unusual. It should be a model for future endeavors to help quantify environmental risk as a basis for good decisionmaking."--William D. Ruckelshaus, from the foreword. This volume, prepared under the auspices of the Health Effects Institute, an independent research organization created and funded jointly by the Environmental Protection Agency and the automobile industry, brings together experts on atmospheric exposure and on the biological effects of toxic substances to examine what is known--and not known--about the human health risks of automotive emissions.

Contents:

AIR POLLUTION, THE AUTOMOBILE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Copyright

Foreword

Contents

Part I: Overview

Automotive Emissions Research

EMISSIONS CONTROL: THE HISTORY OF CONFLICT

BENEFITS OF REGULATION

CURRENT PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES

IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING HEALTH RESEARCH

Regulations: Form or Substance?

Safety Margins and Susceptible Groups

Costs and Benefits

Emergence of a New Regulatory Structure in Mobile Source Emission Regulation

Research and Comprehensive Risk Management

Regulatory Credibility and the Maturation of Toxicology

THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT

Project History and Organization

RATIONALE

ORGANIZATION

MESSAGES TO AND FROM THE AUTHORS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

STEERING COMMITTEE

EXPOSURE ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUBCOMMITTEE

PEER REVIEWERS

Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying Risk

AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE

UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF RISK

Chemical and Physical Properties of Pollutants

Pollutant Exposure and Dose to Biological Tissues

Biological Responses to Pollutants

Sensitive Individuals

RESEARCH APPROACHES

Epidemiology

Experimental Methods

Mathematical Models

Physical Models

PURSUING QUANTITATIVE TOXICOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH

Highlights of the Authors' Recommendations

Criteria for Prioritization

A Proposed Research Strategy

Summary

CONCLUSION

References

Part II: Exposure Analysis

Automotive Emissions

POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES-PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

Emissions Standards and Control Approaches

Fuel Economy

In-Use Passenger Car Emissions

EMISSIONS REGULATIONS

Emission Test Procedures

Emission Standards

U.S. Fuel Economy Standards

VEHICLE AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY.

Spark-Ignition Gasoline-Powered Vehicles

Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars: Particulate Control

Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicles

IN-USE VEHICLE AND ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS

Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars and Trucks

Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars

Diesel-Powered Trucks

MODELS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE EMISSIONS

FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES

Trends in Gasoline Fuel Properties

Fuel Usage Trends

Methanol-Fueled Vehicles

Trends in Diesel Fuel Properties

Refueling Emissions

Additives

METHODS FOR MEASURING THE UNREGULATED POLLUTANTS*

Sampling

Analytical Methods

CURRENT REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS

Regulated Emissions

Unregulated Emissions

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants Associated with Vehicular Emissions

DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION

Meteorological Parameters

Scales of Motion

TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS

Near Field

Urban-Scale Transport and Dispersion

Regional-Scale Transport

SUMMARY

Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive Emissions

COMPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

Physical Removal Processes

Chemical Removal Processes

ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES, FATES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS

Atmospheric Lifetimes

Atmospheric Transformations

Analytical Techniques

Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their Atmospheric Transformation Products

CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS

Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Primary Gases

Selected Particle Constituents.

Photochemical Products and Unregulated Emittants

INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS

Principal Trace Gases

Minor Emittants and Products

EMITTANTS WITH POTENTIAL GLOBAL INFLUENCE

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Monoxide

Methane

Data Adequacy

Trends

Concentrations

Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MODELS

Components of Exposure

Source/Receptor Relationships

Historical Perspective

EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS

CATEGORIES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS

Empirical/Statistical Models

Deterministic Models

Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Empirical and Analytical Models

MODELING APPROACHES FOR INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES

Turbulent Transport and Diffusion

Complex Terrain: Street Canyons

Removal Processes

Representation of Atmospheric Chemistry Through Chemical Mechanisms

Aerosol Dynamics

MODEL EVALUATION

Approaches for Testing Model Performance

Data Requirements

Analysis of Model Performance

APPLICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS

Population Exposure Calculations

Source Apportionment and Control Strategies

Future Uses

SPECIAL TOPICS AND EMERGING ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING

Modeling Large-Scale Processes

Modeling Small-Scale Processes

Indoor/Outdoor Pollutant Relationships

Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models

HUMAN EXPOSURE: INTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONS

Concentration, Exposure, and Dose

Types of Exposure Information

Individual Exposure Versus Population Exposure

METHODS

Air Monitoring

Biological Monitoring

Research Recommendations.

MEASUREMENTS

Research Recommendation

MODELING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION

Statistical Modeling

Physical Modeling

Physical-Stochastic Modeling

Source Apportionment

Validation and Generalization

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions

STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Upper Respiratory Tract

Tracheobronchial Tree

Pulmonary Region

Research Recommendations

VENTILATION

Ventilatory Parameters

Comparative Aspects of Ventilation

Airflow Patterns

DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

Deposition Mechanisms and Controlling Factors

Measurement of Deposition

Factors Modifying Deposition

Localized Patterns of Deposition

Mathematical Modeling

RETENTION OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES

Clearance Mechanisms: Basic Structure and Function

Clearance Kinetics

Factors Modifying Clearance

DISPOSITION OF VEHICULAR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS

Diesel Exhaust Particles

Metals

Sulfates

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: DISCUSSION

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITIES

Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions: Particle-Associated Organic Constituents

SIGNIFICANCE OF CARRIER PARTICLES

CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTANTS

INHALATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES

Disposition of Inhaled Particle-Associated Organic Compounds

Bio availability of Particle-Associated Organic Compounds

TOXICITY OF INHALED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

Varieties of Toxic Responses

Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens

Effects on the Immune System

Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases

IMPLICATIONS OF LUNG ANATOMY

Upper Airways

Conducting Airways

Respiratory Zone

Nonuniformities in Ventilation and Perfusion

FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSPORT

Thermodynamic Equilibria

Diffusion and Reaction Rates

Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients

Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients

Longitudinal Gas Transport

MATHEMATICAL MODELS

Compartment Models

Distributed-Parameter Upper Airway Models

Distributed-Parameter Lower Airway Models

EXPERIMENTS

In Vitro Methods

In Vivo Animal Experiments

In Vivo Human Subject Studies

Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive Gases

APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY MODELING

ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Anatomical Models

Liquid Lining of the Respiratory Tract

Lung Tissue and Blood

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF REACTIVE GASES

Solubility

Molecular Diffusion

Convection in Respiratory Tract Fluids

Chemical Reactions

DOSIMETRY MODELING

Upper Respiratory Tract and Total Respiratory Tract Models

Lower Respiratory Tract Models

Influence of Anatomical and Physiological Factors

Influence of Physicochemical Factors

Importance of Experimental Data

Part III: Biological Effects

Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on Human Populations

ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH

PRIOR AND ONGOING STUDIES-DESIGNS, FINDINGS, AND PROBLEMS

Cross-Sectional Studies of Pulmonary Function and Symptoms.

Prospective Cohort Studies.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610221424

9781280221422

1280221429

9780309568265

0309568269

9780585037622

0585037620

OCLC:

940510380