Hazards : technology and fairness / National Academy of Engineering.

Format:

Book

Conference/Event

Author/Creator:

National Academy of Engineering Staff, Corporate Author.

Contributor:

National Academy of Engineering.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Technology--Risk management--Congresses.

Technology.

Health risk assessment--Congresses.

Health risk assessment.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (235 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1986.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

"In the burgeoning literature on technological hazards, this volume is one of the best," states Choice in a three-part approach, it addresses the moral, scientific, social, and commercial questions inherent in hazards management. Part I discusses how best to regulate hazards arising from chronic, low-level exposures and from low-probability events when science is unable to assign causes or estimate consequences of such hazards; Part II examines fairness in the distribution of risks and benefits of potentially hazardous technologies; and Part III presents practical lessons and cautions about managing hazardous technologies. Together, the three sections put hazard management into perspective, providing a broad spectrum of views and information.

Contents:

Hazards: Technology and Fairness

Copyright

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Contents

INTRODUCTION: EMERGING ISSUES IN HAZARD MANAGEMENT

REFERENCE

PART 1 UNCERTAINTY

Science and Its Limits: The Regulator's Dilemma

SCIENCE AND RARE EVENTS

Scientific" Approaches to Rare Events

Low-Level Exposure

Natural Carcinogens

Ambiguous Carcinogens

How Science Reacts to Intrinsic Uncertainty

THE ATTACK ON SCIENCE FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE

FINESSING UNCERTAINTY

Technological Fix

The De Minimis Principle

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Causality of a Given Cancer After Known Radiation Exposure

ACCIDENTAL HARM IN POPULATIONS OF EXPOSED PERSONS

QUANTAL RESPONSE IN A POPULATION OF HARMED PERSONS

RADIOTHERAHY OR ACCIDENTAL HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE

LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE OF NORMAL POPULATIONS

RADIOBIOLOGICAL RESPONSE FUNCTIONS

PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION IN CANCER CASES

NOTES

References

Dealing With Uncertainty About Risk in Risk Management

RISK VERSUS UNCERTAINTY

Risk Assessment Policy

Is Conservatism Protective?

The Social Costs of Error

Resource Constraints and Risk Management

Risk Transfers

Do Standard Setters Compensate for Conservative Risk Analysis?

CONSERVATISM IN RISK ASSESSMENT: COMMENTS

DE MINIMIS RISK

De Minimis Risk and Conflicting Social Objectives

Individual Versus Societal Definition of De Minimis Risk

Multiple Sources of Risk

Applying the De Minimis Concept

Scientists, Engineers, and the Burdens of Occupational Exposure: The Case of the Lead Standard

BACKGROUND OF THE OSHA LEAD STANDARD

HEARINGS ON THE OSHA STANDARD: SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND THE CLASH OF INTERESTS

THE FINAL LEAD STANDARD

PART 2 EQUITY AND COMPENSATION

Hypersusceptibility to Occupational Hazards.

HYPERSUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS

SCREENING AND MONITORING

FAIRNESS

The Bhopalization of American Tort Law

TORT LAW, OLD AND NEW

Bipolarity

Timeliness

The World in the Oyster

The Driving Force

CAN THE LEGAL SYSTEM COPE?

Regressive Incentives

Inefficient Compensation

Kindling the Flames

The Writing on the Wall

THE AGENCIES AND THE COURTS

Institutional Competence

Deferring to the Experts

Compensating Victims

PUBLIC RISKS AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY

Hazards Equity: A Perspective on the Compensation System

THE PRINCIPLE OF FORESEEABILITY

Mental Suffering Cases

Fire and Wind Cases

Product Liability Cases

The CERCLA Statute and Absolute Liability

THE PRINCIPLE OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY WITHOUT CONTRIBUTION

MODIFYING THE APPLICATION OF COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES

New Determinants of Duty

Mandatory Allocation of Damages Among Responsible Parties

CONCLUSION

Hazardous Waste Facility Siting: Community, Firm, and Governmental Perspectives

KEY PROBLEMS IN FACILITY SITING

The Need for a Systems Approach

Risk Uncertainty

Public Perception of Risk

Equity and the Ethics of Risk Imposition

Institutional Distrust

Communicating Risk to the Public

Problem and Institutional Mismatch

MAJOR APPROACHES TO SITING: A CRITIQUE

Approach 1: Locational Opportunism

Approach 2: Imposition by Central Authority

Approach 3: Bartered Consent

Approach 4: Fairness-Centered Process

TOWARD A NEW APPROACH

Conceptualizing the Siting Problem

An Ethical Base for Siting

Policy Tools

Authority and the Systems Approach

Risk Reduction and Safety Assurance

Risk Sharing

The Role of Compensation

Risk Compensation and Public Participation

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References.

Hazard Compensation and Incentive Systems: An Economic Perspective

PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS

DESIGNING INCENTIVE SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES

Broadening the Time Horizon

Reducing Insurance Premiums

Penalties and Fines

COMPENSATION IN SITING TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITIES

Stages in the Siting Process

Stage 1: Building the Facility

Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Authority Act

Wes-Con, Inc.

Gray Rocks Power Plant

LNG Facility in Wilhelmshaven

Stage 2: Living With the Site

Antonelli Corporation

Stage 3: Accidents

Federal-Private Insurance

Self-Insurance Funds

Integrating Stakeholders and Stages

Perception of Risk

Eliciting Preferences for Communities

PART 3 MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Economic, Legal, and Practical Problems in Hazardous Waste Cleanup and Management

HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN?

Harris Corporation

Sapp Battery Salvage

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS

Cost-Effectiveness

Jacksonville

Whitehouse Oil Pits

Financial Responsibility

Tower Chemical

Liability Insurance

LEGAL PROBLEMS

Cleanup Delays

Sovereign Immunity

PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

HAZARDOUS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE ENFORCEMENT

PROSPECTS FOR LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT

Duval County

Pinellas County

National Small-Quantity Generator Survey

Amnesty Days

The Case for Transfer Stations

Multipurpose Facility

Another Alternative: Incineration

Focusing Private-Sector Action on Public Hazards

HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP: THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM

CLEAN SITES INC.: GOALS AND ORGANIZATION

WHAT CAN CLEAN SITES INC. DO?

DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE

Three Mile Island and Bhopal: Lessons Learned and Not Learned

LESSONS FOR INDUSTRY

LESSONS FOR REGULATORS

THE PUBLIC.

TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS

SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

Managing Technological Hazards: Success, Strain, and Surprise

INSTITUTIONS OF HAZARD MANAGEMENT

THE PERSISTENCE OF SURPRISE

LIMITS TO HAZARD MANAGEMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FIXES

SHIFTING ATTITUDES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES

ABOUT THE AUTHORS.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

9786610221677

9781280221675

1280221674

9780309534758

0309534755

9780585085906

0585085900

OCLC:

70772934