Dredging coastal ports : an assessment of the issues / Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Harbors--United States--Maintenance and repair.

Dredging--United States.

Coasts--United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (222 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1985.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Are the nation's ports adequate for our present and future needs? This volume points out that no significant new deep-water construction has occurred for a decade, and provides the information and analysis needed to goad the ports and the federal government into action. The book asks three questions: Is additional port construction and maintenance dredging needed now or over the next 20 years? What would prevent dredging if it is needed? What alternatives could make additional dredging possible? The book identifies several problems in dredging ports, including the long interval between a decision to deepen a port and the time the alterations are complete. The United States needs to speed port construction to meet changing needs, and the committee recommends that we prepare for future needs by dredging now.

Contents:

Dredging Coastal Ports

Copyright

Contents

Preface

ORIGINS OF THE STUDY

STUDY SCOPE AND METHODS

Acknowledgments

REFERENCES

1 Executive Summary

2 Findings

1. DOES THE UNITED STATES NEED ADDITIONAL PORT CAPACITY TO ACCOMMODATE LARGER SHIPS?

Finding 1

2. WHAT ARE THE MOST ATTRACTIVE WAYS FOR THE UNITED STATES TO ACCOMMODATE LARGE SHIPS?

Finding 2

Finding 3

Finding 4

Finding 5

Finding 6

3. HOW SHOULD DREDGING BE FUNDED, AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR DREDGING OF VARIOUS FUNDING APPROACHES?

Finding 7

Finding 8

Finding 9

4. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF THE SLOWDOWN IN DECISION MAKING FOR LOCAL PROJECTS AND THE STALEMATE FOR FEDERAL PROJECTS, AND...

Finding 10

Finding 11

Finding 12

Finding 13

Finding 14

Finding 15

Finding 16

Finding 17

5. WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DREDGING PROJECTS, AND HOW CAN THEY BE DEALT WITH?

Finding 18

Finding 19

Finding 20

Finding 21

Finding 22

6. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH DREDGING AND HOW CAN THEY BE MOST EFFECTIVELY MANAGED?

Finding 23

Finding 24

Finding 25

Finding 26

Finding 27

Finding 28

Finding 29

Finding 30

Finding 31

Finding 32

Finding 33

3 Overview of Dredging Issues

CHANGES IN THE WORLD ECONOMY AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

SUMMARY

PORT DECISION MAKING IN THE UNITED STATES

4 Does the United States Need to Accommodate Large Vessels?

INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS THE PRESENT PORT SITUATION?

Vessels in the World Fleet and Major Trends

Ports Worldwide

ECONOMICS

LONG LEAD TIMES

Summary of Factors Contributing to Uncertainty

National Defense/Security

Future Flexibility

5 Options for Handling Large Vessels

CONSTRUCTION DREDGING

OFFSHORE TERMINALS.

Fixed Offshore Structures

Spread-Type Offshore Moorings

Single-Point Moorings

Floating Terminals

Offshore Storage Caisson Terminals

Offshore Terminal Complexes

NEW PORTS

INDUSTRIAL ISLANDS

WIDER-BEAM CARRIERS WITH RESTRICTED DRAFT

LIGHTERING/TOPPING-OFF

CARGO TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES

Tramways and Monorails

COMPARISON BY THE COMMITTEE'S CRITERIA

Economics

Navigational Safety

New Construction Dredging

Offshore Terminals

New Deepwater Ports

Wide-Beam Vessels

Topping-Off

Environmental Issues

National Security and Defense

CONCLUSIONS

Criteria Applicable to Selection of Ports for Deep Construction Dredging

6 Funding Issues

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FUNDING STALEMATE

NECESSARY ELEMENTS FOR CONSENSUS

FUNDING ALTERNATIVES

GENERAL FUND REVENUES

PRESENT PORT REVENUES

USER FEES

ALLOCATION OF REVENUES

MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PORT DREDGING

NON-FUNDING ISSUES

7 The Institutional Decision Making System

FEDERAL VERSUS LOCAL PROJECTS

FAST TRACKING

THE REGULATORY DECISION MAKING SYSTEM

AGENCY ROLES

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of Interior)

National Marine Fisheries Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Epa)

State Departments of Fish, Game/Wildlife

State (and Regional) Water Quality Control Boards

State Coastal Commissions/Coastal Zone Management Agencies

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, State Offices and Others (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers)

THE PROCESS OF CONCURRENCE AND COORDINATION.

EACH PORT IS UNIQUE

CONCLUSION

WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS?

8 Assessment of Technical Considerations and Needs to be Met in Dredging U.S. Ports

ENGINEERING DESIGN OBJECTIVES FOR DREDGED NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES

Maneuvering Requirements of Vessels

Entrance

Sinkage

Bank Effects

Vessel Interactions

Decreased Turning Performance

Winds and Currents

Irregularities

Piloting

Lack of Minimum Standards for Vessel Maneuverability

Criteria for Dimensions of Dredged Navigational Facilities

SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT OF NAVIGATIONAL FACILITIES IN U.S. PORTS

Operational Adequacy

DESIGN OF NEW CONSTRUCTION DREDGING PROJECTS FOR MINIMAL MAINTENANCE DREDGING

MAINTENANCE DREDGING

CAPABILITY OF THE DREDGING INDUSTRY

Equipment and Procedures

Structure of the U.S. Dredging Industry

Improving the Economy and Efficiency of Dredging

Replacement of Dredging Plant

Cutter-Suction Dredges: Problems and Opportunities

Dredging Wheel

Position Indicator System

Recent Improvements in Hopper Dredges

Hopper

Draghead-Mounted Dredge Pump

Active Draghead

Venturi Draghead

Automatic Draghead with Winch Control System

Split-Hull Hopper Dredge

Underwater Pump in the Suction Pipe

Automation

Production Instrumentation

Production Meter

Nuclear Silt Density Meter

Economies in Efficiency

Market Incentives and Effects

Integrated Projects

9 Environmental Issues

SEDIMENTS

DREDGING PROCEDURES

DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL PROCEDURES

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

THE DREDGING SITE

The Disposal Area

Upland Sites and Sites Fringing the Shoreline

Open Water Sites

Regulatory Procedures

Appendix A Summary of Committee Expertise.

Appendix B General Design Criteria for Dredged Navigational Facilities

Appendix C Questionnaire To Pilots' Organizations

Appendix D Request for Information from Ports of Other Maritime Nations

Appendix E Policy and Legislation Pertinent To Dredging

Appendix F Commissioned Papers and Background Materials Prepared for Study of National Dredging Issues

Appendix G Figures and Tables.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies.

ISBN:

9786610222049

9781280222047

1280222042

9780309542463

0309542464

9780585144757

0585144753

OCLC:

44963767