Hazardous waste site management : water quality issues : report on a colloquium / sponsored by the Water Science and Technology Board, February 19-20, 1987.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology Board.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hazardous waste sites--United States--Congresses.

Hazardous waste sites.

Water quality management--United States--Congresses.

Water quality management.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (224 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1988.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Hazardous Waste Site Management addresses current methods used in the regulatory process with respect to water quality cleanup levels. Information and perspectives on the adequacy of these methods are provided by representatives from water utilities, industry, and environmental groups. Setting environmental standards, establishing and meeting ground-water protection goals, and specific approaches to setting goals are also fully examined.

Contents:

Hazardous Waste Site Management: Water Quality Issues

Copyright

PREFACE

Contents

OVERVIEW

Overview of Papers

Current Methods

Views of Impacted Parties

The Status of the Technical Information Base

Summary

ISSUE PAPERS AND PROVOCATEURS' COMMENTS

1 Setting Environmental Standards for Hazardous Waste Sites: A Break from the Past or a Continuum?

2 Establishing and Meeting Ground Water Protection Goals in the Superfund Program

APPLICABLE OR RELEVANT AND APPROPRIATE REQUIREMENTS

DEVELOPMENT OF GROUND WATER ALTERNATIVES

DECISION ANALYSIS

FLEXIBLE DECISION PROCESS

References

PROVOCATEUR'S COMMENTS

3 Some Approaches to Setting Cleanup Goals at Hazardous Waste Sites

THE EPA SUPERFUND PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION MANUAL

General Concepts

Critical Toxicity Value

Estimated Daily Intake

Derivation of Acceptable Intakes for Subchronic and Chronic Exposure

Estimation of Daily Intake

Exposure to Multiple Chemicals by Multiple Routes

Noncarcinogenic Effects

Carcinogenic Effects

Cleanup Criteria

Site Assessment

Target Levels

CALIFORNIA SITE MITIGATION DECISION TREE

Derivation of MELs for Humans

Threshold Substances

Nonthreshold Substances

Derivation of AALs

Cleanup Level Determination

Single Agent/Single Medium

Single Agent/Multiple Media

Multiple Agents with the Same Toxic Action/Multiple Media

U.S. ARMY APPROACH

Derivation of the Acceptable Daily Dose

Threshold Agents

Carcinogenic Substances

Derivation of Single-Pathway Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values

Derivation of Preliminary Pollutant Limit Values

Cleanup Level

NEW JERSEY CLEANUP LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED SOILS

Derivation of ASCLs to Protect Human Health from Contaminants in Ground Water.

Derivation of ASCLs to Protect Human Health from Contaminants in Soil

Carcinogens

Noncarcinogens

Determination of Cleanup Levels

WASHINGTON STATE FINAL CLEANUP POLICY

COMPARISON OF THE METHODS

Terminology

Environmental Media Addressed

Environmental Partitioning

Derivation of Media-Specific Numerical Criteria

Estimation of Carcinogenic Risks

Acceptability of Carcinogenic Risks

Multiple Chemical/Multiple Route Exposures

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

4 The California Site Mitigation Decision Tree Process: Solving the ''How Clean Should Clean Be?'' Dilemma

COMPONENTS OF THE DECISION TREE PROCESS

Preliminary Site Appraisal

Risk Appraisal

Environmental Fate and Risk Determination

Development of a Mitigation Strategy and the Selection of Remedial Action

APPLYING THE DECISION TREE PROCESS: TWO CASE STUDIES

Case Study 1: An Arsenic-Contaminated Site

Step 1: Determine Soil Particle Size Distribution

Step 2: Estimate Threshold Friction Velocity (Uf)

Step 3: Determine the Roughness Height (Zo), of the Site Terrain

Step 4: Determine the Threshold Wind Velocity (Ut)

Step 5: Estimate the Respirable Particulate Emission Rate

Step 6: Project Downwind Particulate Concentrations

Case Study 2: Site with Ground Water Contamination

Development of a Mitigation Strategy and Selection of Remedial Action

CONCLUSION

5 How Clean is Clean? The Need for Action

CURRENT LEGAL/REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

COST VERSUS CLEANUP LEVELS

Case Study 1

Case Study 2

TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS

BALANCING CLEANUP COSTS VERSUS FUTURE LIABILITIES

WHO PAYS?.

CONCLUDING REMARKS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Reference

6 How Clean is Clean? An Environmentalist Perspective

CLEANUP LEVELS

POINT OF COMPLIANCE

CLEANUP TECHNOLOGY

7 Ground Water Contamination Issues in Santa Clara County, California: A Perspective

BACKGROUND

REGULATORY AGENCY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Regional Water Quality Control Board

California State Department of Health Services

Environmental Protection Agency

REMEDIAL ACTION STRATEGIES

Active Approach

Passive Approach

Discussion

Case Studies

IBM, San Jose

Fairchild Camera &amp

Instrument Corporation, San Jose

California Water Service Company Well, Los Altos

CLEANUP OBJECTIVES-HOW CLEAN?

Current Cleanup Policies

CLEANUP COSTS-WHO IS RESPONSIBLE?

SUMMARY

CONCLUSIONS

Bibliography

8 Using Models to Solve Ground Water Quality Problems

MODELS FOR PREDICTING MOVEMENT AND FATE AND/OR RANKING RISK OF CHEMICALS IN GROUND WATER

Quality Control/Quality Assurance for Models

Concerns of Those Using Water Quality Models

Role of Ground Water Quality Models in Regulatory or Policy Issues

Development of Regulations and Policy

Permitting

Remedial Action

Risk Assessment

9 Estimating Health Risks at Hazardous Waste Sites: Decisions and Choices Despite Uncertainty

ASSESSMENT OF RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH

EXPOSURE CONSIDERATIONS

ILLUSTRATIONS OF RISK ASSESSMENTS AT HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES

Manufactured Gas Sites

The Hyde Park Landfill

Widespread Ground Water Contamination

Single-Compound Disposal

Future Risk to a Major Aquifer

DISCUSSION

Data Problems

Additional Uncertainties.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

RAPPORTEURS' REPORTS

Risk Assessment / Toxicology Workshop

TOOLS FOR SETTING AMBIENT ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

Criteria for Evaluating the Approaches

Setting Risk Goals

Strengths and Weaknesses of Risk Assessment and Management

The Strengths and Weaknesses of Setting Risk Goals

Hydrogeology Workshop

METHODS USED IN EXPOSURE ESTIMATION

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE METHODS

METHODS' EFFECTIVENESS UNDER DIVERSE CONDITIONS

ASSOCIATED DATA BASE

ASSOCIATED UNCERTAINTIES

IMPORTANT ISSUES

Engineering Workshop

DISCUSSION OF POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE ENGINEERING ROLE

Regulatory Strategies Workshop

Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Principal Contributors

Appendix B Colloquium Attendees

INDEX.

Notes:

"Colloquium 3 of a series."

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

9786610214969

9781280214967

1280214961

9780309535366

0309535360

9780585142906

0585142904

OCLC:

70758264