Designing foods : animal product options in the marketplace / Committee on Technological Options to Improve the Nutritional Attributes of Animal Products, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Technological Options to Improve the Nutritional Attributes of Animal Products.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Animal products--United States.

Animal products.

Nutrition.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvi, 367 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1988.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Examines various trends in animal product consumption and diet. This book industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products. It also focuses on dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.

Contents:

Designing Foods

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Executive Summary

CHANGES IN POLICY

The Grading System

Labeling and Standards of Identity

Information and Consumer Education

Research and Development

RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

Preharvest Technology

Postharvest Technology

REFERENCES

1 Data Sources, Key Nutrients, and Selection of Targets for Change

SOURCES OF DATA AND THEIR LIMITATIONS

Food Supply Data (1965-1985)

Federal Surveys

Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (1977-1978)

Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1985)

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control

Other Data Sources

Limitations of the Data Bases

IDENTIFICATION OF KEY FOOD COMPONENTS

TARGET LEVELS FOR CALORIC INTAKE AND SELECTED NUTRIENTS

2 Current Trends in Consumption of Animal Products

NUTRIENTS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTS AND THEIR BIOAVAILABILITY

Calories

Protein

Fat, Saturated Fatty Acids, and Cholesterol

Vitamins

Minerals

Iron

Calcium

TRENDS IN INDIVIDUAL COMMODITIES

Red Meat, Poultry, and Fish

Dietary Survey Data

National Live Stock &amp

Meat Board Study

Milk, Milk Products, and Eggs

Fats and Oils

Special Studies

Household Refuse Analysis Project

St. Joseph's University/American Meat Institute Study

3 Target Levels and Current Dietary Patterns

CALORIES

Summary

TOTAL FAT AS PERCENTAGE OF CALORIES

Influence of Dietary Fats on Serum Lipid Levels

Dietary Fat and Cancer.

Dietary Guidelines for Total Fat Intake

SATURATED, MONOUNSATURATED, AND POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AS PERCENTAGE OF CALORIES

Saturated Fatty Acids: Influence on Serum Lipid Levels

Dietary Guidelines for Fatty Acid Intake

CHOLESTEROL

Dietary Guidelines for Cholesterol Intake

CALCIUM

Dietary Guidelines

IRON

Definition and Prevalence of Iron-Deficiency Anemia

Dietary Guidelines for Iron Intake

4 Consumer Concerns and Animal Product Options

CHANGING CONSUMER ATTITUDES AND INDUSTRY RESPONSES

General Trends

Consumer Behavior Away from Home

Response by Restaurateurs

Consumer Behavior in Grocery Stores and Supermarkets

Response by Supermarkets

Consumer Behavior at Home

OPTIONS IN THE MARKETPLACE

Milk and Milk Products

Traditional Versus Modified Products

Traditional Versus the Newest Formulations

Fresh Beef

Options Between Grades

Options Between Cuts

Pork

Grading System for Pork

Changes from 1963 to 1983

Pork Quality Standards

Lamb and Veal

Lamb

Veal

Convenience Meats

Poultry

Chicken

Turkey

Duck

Fish, Shellfish, and Seafood

Steamed or Canned Fish Versus Fried Fish

Canned with Oil Versus Water or Brine

Mixtures

USING ANIMAL PRODUCT OPTIONS TO MEET TARGET LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS IN THE DIET

Adult Women, Ages 23-50

Adult Men, Ages 51 or Older

5 Policies Affecting the Marketplace

PRODUCTION POLICIES

GRADES

Renaming the Good Grade

Trimming Fat on the Slaughter Floor

Options to the Present System

LABELING AND STANDARDS OF IDENTITY

Cholesterol Labeling

Controlling Use of the Terms Natural and Lite.

Standards of Identity

POINT-OF-PURCHASE INFORMATION

SOURCES OF DATA

Serving Sizes

Advertising and Promotion

GOVERNMENT'S ROLE IN NUTRITION EDUCATION

INTEGRATED RESEARCH AND EDUCATION PROGRAMS

REGULATIONS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

RECOMMENDATIONS

Production Policies

Grades

Point-of-Purchase Information

Sources of Data

Government's Role in Nutrition Education

Integrated Research and Education Programs

Regulations and Biotechnology.

6 Existing Technological Options and Future Research Needs

THE NEED TO MODIFY THE NUTRITIONAL ATTRIBUTES OF ANIMAL PRODUCTS

CURRENT STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

ASSESSING CURRENT AND FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES

TARGET LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS AND RELATED RESEARCH PRIORITIES

Determining the Level of Fat in Live Animals and Carcasses

Survey of Methods

Influencing the Level of Fat in the Growing Animal

Cattle

Swine

Milk

Altering the Level of Fat in Animal Products

Processed Beef, Lamb, and Pork

Dairy Products

Methods of Altering Cholesterol Levels in Animal Products

Eggs

Poultry, Beef, Veal, Pork, and Lamb

Methods To Alter Sodium Levels in Animal Products

Meat Products

Poultry Products

Methods To Alter Calcium Levels in Animal Products

Eggs and Poultry

Methods To Alter Iron Levels in Animal Products

Beef, Veal, Pork, and Lamb

Post-Harvest Technology

Appendix

HORMONAL REGULATION OF GROWTH

The Influence of GH on Growth

Effects of Chicken GH on Body Weight Gain in Chickens

Effects of Human Pancreatic GRF and TRH on Body Weight Gain in Chickens

Somatomedin-C

Growth Hormone Receptor

Gene Insertion.

Conclusions and Future Directions

References

MUSCLE CELL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Muscle Cell Structure and Composition

Muscle Fiber Development

Prenatal Development

Postnatal Development

Muscle Fiber Protein Metabolism

Strategies for Regulating Muscle Development and Growth in Meat-Producing Animals

Conclusions

THE ROLE OF GROWTH HORMONE IN FAT MOBILIZATION

THE USE OF BIOASSAYS TO DETECT AND ISOLATE PROTEIN OR PEPTIDE FACTORS REGULATING MUSCLE GROWTH IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS

Peptide Factors Affecting Muscle Growth

Somatotropin

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (Somatomedins)

Insulin

Differentiation Inhibitor

Transferrin

Fibroblast Growth Factor

Paracrine and Autocrine Control of Muscle Growth

Bioassays for Factors Influencing Muscle Growth

Effect of Porcine Growth Hormone on Bioactivity and Igf-I Concentration in Swine Serum

Methods

Results and Discussion

EFFECTS OF BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS ON GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS

What are Beta-Agonists?

Effects of Beta-Agonists on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics

Effects of Beta-Agonists on Lipid Metabolism

Effects of Beta-Agonists on Skeletal Muscle Protein Metabolism

Separation of Lipid and Protein Effects of Beta-Agonists

EFFECTS OF BETA-AGONISTS ON PLASMA HORMONES

Acknowledgment

ANABOLIC EFFECTS OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN ON PIG GROWTH

Prospects for Increasing Growth Performance

IMMUNIZATION OF BEEF CATTLE AGAINST SOMATOSTATIN

Methods and Results

Passive Immunization Against Somatostatin

Active Immunization Against Somatostatin

Hormonal Responses

Growth Responses

Composition of Growth

Somatostatin Effects at the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Somatostatin Effects on Other Hormones

LACTATION BIOLOGY AND METHODS OF INCREASING EFFICIENCY

Mammary Anatomy

Initiation of Lactation (Lactogenesis)

Control of Prolactin Production

Maintenance of Lactation (Galactopoiesis)

Milk Ejection

Mammary Involution

Milk Secretion Rate

Factors Affecting the Yield and Composition of Milk

Biochemistry of Milk Secretion

Milk Protein Synthesis

Milk Fat Synthesis

Lactose, Minerals, and Vitamins

Effects of Hormones on Milk Secretion and Mammary Development

Milk Secretion

Effects of Somatotropin on Mammary Growth

Genetically Superior Cows and Bsth-Treated Cows

Alternate Methods for Increasing the Efficiency of Lactation

Optimizing Milk Removal

Growth Factors and Other Biological Compounds

Hormone Receptors

Controlling Involution

Controlling the Environment

Genetic Selection

FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPOSITION OF MILK FROM DAIRY COWS

Lipids

Biosynthesis

Factors Affecting Milk Fat Content

Breed/Genetics

Environment/Management

Health/Physiology

Nutrition

Factors Affecting Milk Protein Content

Carbohydrates

Factors Affecting Milk Mineral Content

Other Milk Solubles

Manipulating Milk Constituents-Summary and Conclusions

METHODOLOGIES FOR MEASURING BODY COMPOSITION IN HUMANS

Whole-Body Measurements

Fat-Soluble Gases

Body Compartmentalization into Two Components

Determination of Fat by Densitometry

Determination of FFm by Hydrometry

Determination of Fat from Potassium

Total Body Electrical Conductivity and Impedance.

Multicompartmentalization of the Body.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

9786610214990

9781280214998

1280214996

9780309535526

0309535522

OCLC:

70773035