Learning, remembering, believing : enhancing human performance / Daniel Druckman and Robert A. Bjork, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Druckman, Daniel, 1939-

Bjork, Robert A.

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Performance--Psychological aspects.

Performance.

Learning, Psychology of.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (x, 395 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Can such techniques as sleep learning and hypnosis improve performance? Do we sometimes confuse familiarity with mastery? Can we learn without making mistakes? These questions apply in the classroom, in the military, and on the assembly line. Learning, Remembering, Believing addresses these and other key issues in learning and performance. The volume presents leading-edge theories and findings from a wide range of research settings: from pilots learning to fly to children learning about physics by throwing beanbags. Common folklore is explored, and promising research directions are identified. The authors also continue themes from their first two volumes: Enhancing Human Performance (1988) and In the Mind's Eye (1991). The result is a thorough and readable review of Learning and remembering. The volume evaluates the effects of subjective experience on learning--why we often overestimate what we know, why we may not need a close match between training settings and real-world tasks, and why we experience such phenomena as illusory remembering and unconscious plagiarism. Learning and performing in teams. The authors discuss cooperative learning in different age groups and contexts. Current views on team performance are presented, including how team-learning processes can be improved and whether team-building interventions are effective. Mental and emotional states. This is a critical review of the evidence that learning is affected by state of mind. Topics include hypnosis, meditation, sleep learning, restricted environmental stimulation, and self-confidence and the self-efficacy theory of learning. New directions. The volume looks at two new ideas for improving performance: emotions induced by another person--socially induced affect--and strategies for controlling one's thoughts. The committee also considers factors inherent in organizations--workplaces, educational facilities, and the military--that affect whether and how they implement training programs. Learning, Remembering, Believing offers an understanding of human learning that will be useful to training specialists, psychologists, educators, managers, and individuals interested in all dimensions of human performance.

Contents:

Learning, Remembering, Believing

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Learning, Remembering, Believing

PART I Overview

1 Background

CONTINUITIES IN THE STUDY OF ENHANCING PERFORMANCE

CONCEPTS AND ISSUES

2 Summary

LEARNING AND REMEMBERING

Transfer

Illusions of Comprehension and Control

LEARNING AND PERFORMING IN TEAMS

Cooperative Learning

The Performance and Development of Teams

Team Development

Interactive Games

Training in Teams

MENTAL AND EMOTIONAL STATES

Self-Confidence and Performance

Altering States of Consciousness

Hypnosis

Transcendental Meditation

Restricted Environmental Stimulation

Sleep Learning

NEW DIRECTIONS

Socially Induced Affect

Thought Suppression

IMPEDIMENTS TO EFFECTIVE TRAINING

PART II Learning and Remembering

3 Transfer: Training for Performance

TRANSFER BY IDENTICAL ELEMENTS

Cognitive Abstractions

Exemplars

The Ease or Difficulty of Transfer

Situated Learning

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TRANSFER

Role of Abstract Concepts and Rules

Environmental Context

Fidelity of Training to Anticipated Experience

Variable Practice

Part-Task Training

Length of Training

The Role of Feedback

Predicting Transfer

The Role of Fidelity in Simulation

CONCLUSIONS

Identical Elements

Type and Length of Training

4 Illusions of Comprehension, Competence, and Remembering

SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE AND JUDGMENT

Cognitive Illusions

Self-Monitoring of Learning: Illusions of Comprehending and Knowing

Evaluation of Instruction

Knowing and Learning

ILLUSIONS OF REMEMBERING

Memory Without Remembering

False Memories

PART III Learning and Performing in Teams

5 Cooperative Learning

KEY ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING

GENERAL THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND FINDINGS

Overview.

Two Theoretical Perspectives

General Findings

Social-Behavioral Perspectives and Findings

Cognitive-Developmental Perspectives and Findings

Conclusions

Limitations of the Research

Quality and Precision

Scope and Neglected Issues

Context Dependency

ADULT COOPERATIVE LEARNING

Adult Cooperative Techniques: Group Rewards and Scripts

Scripted Cooperation

Structured Controversy

Other Factors: Communication Supports, Transfer, and Individual Differences

Conclusions and Future Directions

Needed Research

Implementation

NOTE

6 The Performance and Development of Teams

DETERMINANTS OF TEAM PERFORMANCE

A Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Studies

Contextual Variables

TEAM DEVELOPMENT

Team Learning, Developmental Phases, and Metacognition

Team Building and Performance

Team Building and Interteam Relations

INTERACTIVE GAMES

NOTES

7 Training in Teams

INPUTS

Trainees

Resources and Task Characteristics

Preparation

TRAINING PROCESSES

Taskwork

Conceptual Understanding

Applying Conceptual Understanding

Procedural Learning

Feedback

Social Support

Positive Attitudes

Use of Computers

Positive Professional Identity

Behavioral Modeling

Teamwork

MEDIATING VARIABLES

Positive Interdependence

Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction

Accountability

Team Processing

OUTCOMES

Individual Proficiency and Team Productivity

Individual Results

Team Results

Positive Relationships and Social Support

Psychological Health, Social Competence, and Self-Esteem

Changes in Team Structure and Procedures

Team Activities After Training

Guidelines for Research and Practice

Obstacles to Team Training

PART IV Mental and Emotional States

8 Self-Confidence and Performance.

''SELF-CONFIDENCE" AND RELATED CONCEPTS

THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

Self-Confidence Information

Self-Confidence, Behavior and Thought Patterns, and Motivation

Team Confidence

RESEARCH ON SELF-CONFIDENCE

Enhancing Self-Confidence

Performance-Based Confidence Information

Contextual Influences

Effects of Self-Confidence on Performance

Techniques for Enhancing Self-Confidence

Performance-Based Approaches

Modeling Others

Persuasion and Positive Communication

Anxiety Reduction

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

9 Altering States of Consciousness

HYPNOSIS

Analgesia and Pain Control

Strength and Endurance

Learning

Sensory Acuity and Perceptual Accuracy

Time Perception

Memory

Forensic Hypnosis

TRANSCENDENTAL MEDITATION

Theory and Practice

Physiological Effects

Relaxation, Anxiety, and Self-Actualization

Concluding Comment

RESTRICTED ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION (REST)

SLEEP LEARNING

PART V New Directions

10 Socially Induced Affect

CONCORDANT AND DISCORDANT AFFECT

POSSIBLE MECHANISMS

Cognition

Appraisal of Consequences for One's Well-Being

Imagining Oneself in Another's Shoes

Cognitive Consistency

Classical Conditioning

Mimicry

Basic Issues

AFFECT AND PERFORMANCE

Flight Crew Performance

Attention

Teaching and Influencing

Negotiating

Panic Behavior in Groups

Helping Behavior

Group Cohesion

11 Thought Suppression

MOTIVATION

EFFECTIVENESS

CONSEQUENCES

Thought Rebound

Emotion Dishabituation

ALTERNATIVES

EPILOGUE

Institutional Impediments to Effective Training

THE PERCEIVED VALUE OF TRAINING

SELECTION VERSUS TRAINING

MISUNDERSTOOD ASPECTS OF TRAINING

Errors

Tests

Measures of Effectiveness.

TRAINERS AND ORGANIZATIONS

Teaching as a Skill

Administrative Structures

CONCLUDING COMMENTS

References

APPENDICES

A Committee Activities

The Effect of Context on Training

Illusions of comprehension

Team Building and Team Training

Altered States of Consciousness

Mental-Control Strategies

Organizational Cultures and Performance

B Biographical Sketches

Index.

Notes:

"Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council."

Includes bibliographical references (p. 307-376) and index.

ISBN:

1-280-19584-3

9786610195848

0-309-55628-7

0-585-00235-5

OCLC:

923267427