Recommendations for the disposal of chemical agents and munitions / Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program, Board on Army Science and Technology, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemical weapons disposal.

Chemical agents (Munitions).

Physical Description:

1 online resource (220 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

The U.S. Army's chemical stockpile is aging and gradually deteriorating. Its elimination has public, political, and environmental ramifications. The U.S. Department of Defense has designated the Department of the Army as the executive agent responsible for the safe, timely, and effective elimination of the chemical stockpile. This book provides recommendations on the direction the Army should take in pursuing and completing its Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.

Contents:

Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Abbreviations and Acronyms

Executive Summary

THE UNITARY CHEMICAL AGENT AND MUNITIONS STOCKPILE

FUNDAMENTALS OF DISPOSAL

HEALTH, SAFETY, AND RISK CONSIDERATIONS

THE PRESENT BASELINE SYSTEM

COMPARISON OF THE BASELINE SYSTEM AND ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Expeditious Progress

Risk Analyses

Public Concerns

Current System

Alternatives

Stockpile Safety

Staffing Needs

1 Introduction

THE CALL FOR DISPOSAL

THE CALL FOR RECOMMENDATIONS

DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGY SELECTION BACKGROUND-THE ROLE OF NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEES

RELATED OPTIONS AND ISSUES

Health and Environmental Impacts

Schedule

Transportation

Community Concerns

PUBLIC FORUM

Human Impacts

External Driving Factors

Management Capabilities

Site-Specific Impacts

Ecological Impacts

SCHEDULES

2 The Unitary Chemical Agent and Munitions Stockpile

AGENTS

CONTAINERS AND MUNITIONS

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

CONDITION OF THE CHEMICAL STOCKPILE

M55 PROPELLANT STABILITY

3 Fundamentals of Disposal

INTERMEDIATES AND END PRODUCTS OF AGENT DESTRUCTION

MATERIAL FEED AND PROCESSING STREAMS

PROCESSING OF NON-AGENT MATERIALS

WASTE STREAM REGULATIONS

4 Selection Criteria

RISK

RISK AS A MEASURE OF HEALTH AND SAFETY (WORKERS, THE PUBLIC, THE ENVIRONMENT)

THE RISK OF CHEMICAL STOCKPILE STORAGE

THE RISK OF CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL OPERATIONS

HEALTH EFFECTS

The Health Effects Of Accidental Releases

The Health Effects From Normal Operations

RISK ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES

Programmatic Risk Assessment

Site-Specific Risk Assessment

RELATIVE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF DISPOSAL OPERATIONS

Overall

Internal Events.

External Events

RELATIVE RISKS OF ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES

ISSUES OTHER THAN RISK

Socioeconomic Impacts

Open Decision-Making Process

Cost

Citizen Involvement

SUMMARY

5 The Present Baseline System

BASELINE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

Storage, Transportation, And Unloading Of Munitions And Containers

Disassembly and Draining

Agent Destruction

Energetics Destruction

Metal Parts Decontamination

Pollution Abatement Systems

Auxiliary Systems

Agent Monitoring Systems

BASELINE PERFORMANCE AT JACADS DURING OVT

6 Comparison of the Baseline System and Alternative Technologies

INTRODUCTION

BASES FOR SELECTING ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

Safety

Inherent Safety Features

Requirements for Engineered Safeguards

Risk Potential

Process Readiness

Technical Capabilities

LISTING OF ALTERNATIVES

INITIAL SCREENING OF AGENT DESTRUCTION PROCESSES

Evaluations of Destruction Processes

Low-Temperature, Low-Pressure Detoxification

Low Temperature, Low Pressure Oxidation

Moderate-Temperature, High-Pressure Oxidation

High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Pyrolysis

High-Temperature, Low-Pressure Oxidation

Other Technologies

Alternative Processes Recommended for Further Research and Development

Neutralization-Incineration Systems

On-Site Treatment of Products of Neutralization

Gelled Agent

METALS, ENERGETICS, AND DUNNAGE DISPOSAL

Energetics Treatment

Dunnage Disposal

ENHANCED BASELINE SYSTEM

DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

7 Findings and Recommendations

OVERVIEW

SPECIFIC FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY.

A Public Law 102-484-Oct. 23, 1992 (Extract)

SUBTITLE G-CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION PROGRAM

SEC. 171 CHANGE IN CHEMICAL WEAPONS STOCKPILE ELIMINATION DEADLINE

SEC. 172 CHEMICAL DEMILITARIZATION CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMISSIONS

SEC. 173 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES

SEC. 174 ALTERNATIVE DISPOSAL PROCESS FOR LOW-VOLUME SITES

SEC. 175 REVISED CHEMICAL WEAPONS DISPOSAL CONCEPT PLAN

B Public Forum

PURPOSE

AGENDA

Morning Session

Afternoon Session

ATTENDEES

Committee on Alternative Chemical Demilitarization Technologies

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Committee Staff

NRC's Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

NRC's Board on Army Science and Technology

NRC's Office of News and Public Information

Invited Attendees

Department of the Army

Congressional

State of Alabama

State of Arkansas

State of Colorado

State of Indiana

State of Kentucky

State of Maryland

State of Oregon

State of Utah

Additional Interest Groups and Individuals

Invitees Who Submitted Written Statements and Comments

C Use of Activated Carbon Adsorption Systems for Exhaust Gas Cleaning

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

D Supercritical Water Oxidation and Wet Air Oxidation

E Neutralization (Chemical Hydrolysis)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXPERIENCE

LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF NEUTRALIZATION

Chemical Concerns

Physical Limitations

Access to Agent

Other Munitions Components

Potentially Useful Applications of Neutralization

POSSIBLE SYSTEM DESIGNS FOR NEUTRALIZATION

Liquid Agent Destruction

Waste Stream Treatments

HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS RELATED TO NEUTRALIZATION PROCESSES

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS

Research and Development Needs Specific to Nerve Agent VX.

Research and Development Needs Specific to Mustard Agents

Generic Development Needs

Time Requirements

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ON NEUTRALIZATION PROCESSES

F Update on the Status of Biological Processes

DIRECT BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL AGENTS

Mustard

GB and VX

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOLLOWING NEUTRALIZATION

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOLLOWING WET AIR OXIDATION

G Biographical Sketches

DR. CARL R. PETERSON, CHAIRMAN

DR. ELISABETH M. DRAKE

DR. COLIN G. DRURY

MR. GENE H. DYER

MG VINCENT E. FALTER

DR. ANN FISHER

DR. B. JOHN GARRICK

DR. WILLIAM E. KASTENBERG

DR. CHARLES E. KOLB

DR. DAVID S. KOSSON

DR. JOHN P. LONGWELL

DR. RICHARD S. MAGEE

DR. WALTER G. MAY

DR. ALVIN H. MUSHKATEL

MR. PETER J. NIEMIEC

DR. GEORGE W. PARSHALL

DR. GAVRIEL SALVENDY

DR. JAMES R. WILD

References and Bibliography

INDEX.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-195) and index.

ISBN:

9786610195770

9781280195778

1280195770

9780309573177

0309573173

9780585084886

0585084882

OCLC:

43475654