Consequences and control / Albert J. Reiss, Jr., and Jeffrey A. Roth, editors.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.)

Contributor:

Reiss, Albert J., Jr., 1922-2006.

Roth, Jeffrey A., 1945-

Series:

Understanding and preventing violence ; v.4

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Violence--United States--Prevention.

Violence.

Violence--United States.

Violent crimes--United States.

Violent crimes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (viii, 397 pages) : illustrationa

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This volume analyzes public perceptions and reactions to violence; estimates of the costs; the commonalities and complementarities of criminal justice and public health responses; efforts to reduce violence through the prediction and classification of violent offenders; and the relationships between trends in violence and prison population during a period of greatly increased use of incarceration.

Contents:

Understanding and Preventing Violence

Copyright

Contents

Foreword

Public Perceptions and Reactions to Violent Offending and Victimization

INTRODUCTION

FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION

CONCEPTUAL ISSUES

MEASURING FEAR

SURVEY RESEARCH ON FEAR

OFFENSE-SPECIFIC FEAR

SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FEAR

OTHER CORRELATES

CUES TO DANGER

Dangerous Places

Dangerous Persons

Other Cues

FEAR AND PRIOR VICTIMIZATION

CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR

SURVEY DATA ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF FEAR

COLLECTIVE RESPONSES

FEAR IN BROADER CONTEXT

SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON VIOLENCE

NEWS COVERAGE OF CRIME

CRITICISMS OF MEDIA NEWS COVERAGE

CRIME AS ENTERTAINMENT

EFFECTS OF MEDIA COMMUNICATIONS

INTERPERSONAL DIFFUSION OF CRIME NEWS

PERCEIVED SERIOUSNESS OF OFFENSES

PUBLIC OPINION ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE

NORMATIVE EVALUATIONS OF PUNISHMENT

VICTIM, OFFENDER, AND RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS

ETHNOPENOLOGIES

PUBLIC CONFIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

FUTURE RESEARCH

OTHER ISSUES

NOTE

REFERENCES

The Costs and Consequences of Violent Behavior in the United States

IMPORTANCE OF ESTIMATING COSTS

Comparison of Aggregate Crime Costs to Other Social Ills

Comparison of Harm by Type of Victimization

Benefit-Cost Analysis of Policy Options

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ESTIMATING COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES

MONETARY VERSUS NONMONETARY COSTS

Interdependency of Cost Categories

Offsetting Benefits of Victimization

Efficient Versus Inefficient Costs

Fixed, Average, and Marginal Costs

Real Versus Opportunity Costs

Victim Assistance and Other Cost-Reducing Costs

Time Frame for Cost Estimation

COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

Direct Consequences of Violent Behavior

Society's Response to Violent Behavior

Offender Costs.

COST OF CRIME AND INJURY LITERATURE

Approaches to Measuring the Cost of Injury

Cost of Crime Literature

Cost of Injury Literature

THE COST OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

COST OF VICTIM TREATMENT AND OTHER DIRECT COSTS

Medical Care

Mental Health Care

Monetary Losses to Victims: Cash and Property

Indirect Monetary and Nonmonetary Losses

EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO VICTIMIZATION

Victim Services

Police Response Administrative Costs

Emergency Transport

VICTIM PRODUCTIVITY COSTS

PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION COSTS

Health and Life Insurance Claims

Income Transfer Programs

Property Insurance Claims

Legal Costs Associated With Tort Claims

Pain, Suffering, and Quality of Life Costs for Nonfatal Victims

Evidence Using the Compensation Approach

Evidence Using Willingness to Pay

RISK OF DEATH

QUALITY OF LIFE OF FAMILY MEMBERS OF VICTIM

Increased Work Load of Family Members

Loss of Companionship/Consortium

Psychological Injury to Family Member

PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA TO WITNESSES OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

INJURIES CAUSED BY EARLIER VICTIMS

COST OF SOCIETY'S RESPONSE TO VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES AND FEAR OF CRIME

Monetary Expenditures for Crime Prevention

Crime Prevention Behavior

Fear of Crime

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM COSTS

Investigation, Prosecution, and Court-Related Costs

Legal Fees Associated With Criminal Justice System

Cost of Sanctions

Victim and Witness Interaction With Criminal Justice System

OTHER NONCRIMINAL JUSTICE PROGRAMS

INCARCERATED OFFENDER COSTS

COST OF "OVERDETERRENCE

COST OF "JUSTICE

OFFENDER COSTS

SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATES

WHO PAYS FOR VICTIM INJURIES?

SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

NOTES

REFERENCES.

Violence and Intentional Injuries: Criminal Justice and Public Health Perspectives on an Urgent National Problem

CRIMINAL VIOLENCE" AND "INTENTIONAL INJURIES": DIFFERENT PERCEPTIONS OF A SHARED CONCERN

THE COMMON CONCERN: INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

SIGNIFICANT ASPECTS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

Criminal Justice Emphasis on the Offender

Public Health Focus on the Victim

PROBLEMS RELATED TO INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE

Violence and "Nonviolent" Crimes

Violence and Relationships

TOWARD A SYNTHESIS

''INTENTIONS OF OFFENDERS" AND "RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE": TWO DIFFERENT CAUSAL PARADIGMS

CRIMINAL JUSTICE: THE INTENTIONS OF OFFENDERS

PUBLIC HEALTH: AN EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH

Vectors, Hosts, and Environments

Timing of Interventions

Complex Sociological Prevention

SOCIOLOGICAL AND CRIMINOLOGICAL ANALYSES

Spatial and Temporal Location of Crimes

Situational Analyses of Crime Causation

Criminogenic Commodities

DANGEROUS OFFENDERS AS VECTORS OF VIOLENCE

WIDENING CRIMINAL JUSTICE CONCEPTIONS OF CAUSATION

FAVORED POLICY APPROACHES

REACTIVE VERSUS PREVENTIVE APPROACHES

PREVENTIVE APPROACHES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Deterrence, Incapacitation, and Rehabilitation

Juvenile Delinquency Prevention

Controlling Criminogenic Commodities

Situational Approaches to Crime Control

PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACHES TO VIOLENCE PREVENTION

Violence in the Context of Relations

Innovative Approaches to Youth Violence

Environmental Approaches to Prevention

Cultural Approaches to Violence Prevention

LAW VERSUS EDUCATION IN BEHAVIORAL APPROACHES

RESOURCES: TROOPS, ANALYSTS, AND COMMUNITY LEADERS

WHO HAS THE TROOPS?

PUBLIC HEALTH CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FIGHT

KEY VALUES: JUSTICE VERSUS HEALTH

Predicting Violent Behavior and Classifying Violent Offenders

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION

DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN PREDICTION AND CLASSIFICATION

MEASURES OF QUALITY

Validity

Reliability

Accuracy

CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTION METHODS

Formal and Informal Methods

Selection Bias

Determining the Importance of Potential Predictive Factors

CORRELATES AND CAUSES OF VIOLENCE

CLASSIFICATION

PURPOSES AND POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

Psychological Tests-Rapid Assessments

Psychological Tests-Multivariate Scaling Techniques

Psychiatric Classifications

Correctional Classification

Clinical Predictions

Official Record Data

Self-Reports

Epidemiologic Studies

Observational Studies

CONGRUENT FINDINGS ABOUT INDIVIDUALS CLASSIFIED AS VIOLENT PERSONS

PREDICTION

METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

Censoring Events

Sample Selection Bias

Statistical Limitations

Efficient Use of Data

PREDICTING VIOLENT BEHAVIOR

Occurrence Models

Rate of Violence Models

ACCURACY OF PREDICTION

SUMMARY OF OUR REVIEW OF THE PREDICTION OF VIOLENCE

RESEARCH AGENDA

POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Incarceration and Violent Crime: 1965-1988

DATA

PRISON POPULATIONS

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO CHANGING INCARCERATION RATES

CHANGES IN OFFENDING

CHANGES IN SANCTION POLICIES

Arrest Risk per Crime, qa

Certainty and Severity of Imprisonment

IDENTIFYING THE COMPONENTS OF CHANGE IN INCARCERATION RATES

SUMMARY

CRIME CONTROL EFFECTS OF INCARCERATION FOR VIOLENT CRIMES

INCAPACITATION OF VIOLENT CRIMES

Individual Offending Frequency

Heterogeneity in Individual Offending Frequencies

Career Length (L)

Incapacitation Under Offender Heterogeneity and Finite Careers.

Remaining Sources of Bias in Incapacitation Estimates

DETERRENCE AND INCAPACITATION

Exploratory Estimates of Deterrence Effects

Remaining Sources of Bias in Deterrence Estimates

POLICY CHOICES IN EXPANDING INCARCERATION

CONCLUSION

Index.

Notes:

"Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior, Committee on Law and Justice, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council."

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

ISBN:

9786610193585

9781280193583

1280193581

9780309586801

0309586801

9780585030227

0585030227

OCLC:

923260621