Sources of medical technology : universities and industry / Nathan Rosenberg, Annetine C. Gelijns and Holly Dawkins, editors ; Committee on Technological Innovation in Medicine, Institute of Medicine.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Rosenberg, Nathan.

Gelijns, Annetine.

Dawkins, Holly V.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Technological Innovation in Medicine.

Series:

Medical innovation at the crossroads ; v. 5.

Medical innovation at the crossroads ; v. 5

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medical innovations.

Medicine--Research.

Medicine.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (254 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1995.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Evidence suggests that medical innovation is becoming increasingly dependent on interdisciplinary research and on the crossing of institutional boundaries. This volume focuses on the conditions governing the supply of new medical technologies and suggest that the boundaries between disciplines, institutions, and the private and public sectors have been redrawn and reshaped. Individual essays explore the nature, organization, and management of interdisciplinary R&D in medicine; the introduction into clinical practice of the laser, endoscopic innovations, cochlear implantation, cardiovascular imaging technologies, and synthetic insulin; the division of innovating labor in biotechnology; the government- industry-university interface; perspectives on industrial R&D management; and the growing intertwining of the public and proprietary in medical technology.

Contents:

Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry

Copyright

Acknowledgments

Contents

List of Tables and Figures

List of Abbreviations

PART I Setting the Stage

1 The Changing Nature of Medical Technology Development

ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT VOLUME

IMPORTANCE OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERACTIONS

INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF MEDICAL R&amp

D

SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

REFERENCES

2 Recent Trends in Support for Biomedical Research and Development

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDERS

Federal Spending for Biomedical Research and Development

Federal Spending for Medical Device Research and Development

A Change in the Emphasis of Federal Spending

Direct Federal Support for Industry

Tax Credits on Incremental Research and Development

Industry Spending for Biomedical Research and Development

Research and Development Investments by Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies

Research and Development Investments by the Medical Devices Industry

FUNDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND UNIVERSITIES

FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

The Stevenson-Wydler and the Bayh-Dole Acts

Federal Technology Transfer Act

Consequences for University-Industry Relationships

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

PART II Medical Device Innovation

3 Physicians and Physicists: The Interdisciplinary Introduction of the Laser to Medicine

THE LASER'S INVENTION

PHOTOCOAGULATION

FEAR OF INJURY

POTENTIAL IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

PHOTOCOAGULATORS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR

MORE EARLY MEDICAL LASER RESEARCH

THE MEDICAL LASER INDUSTRY TODAY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TECHNICAL APPENDIX

4 From the Scalpel to the Scope: Endoscopic Innovations in Gastroenterology, Gynecology, and Surgery

FIBER OPTICS AND GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY.

The Fiber-Optic Era

Further Refinements and New Clinical Applications

GYNECOLOGICAL LAPAROSCOPY: THE CASE OF SURGICAL CONTRACEPTION

Developing and Establishing the Clinical Value of First-Generation Gynecological Laparoscopes (1945...

Development of Second- and Third-Generation Procedures (1970s and 1980s)

THE SURGEON AND ENDOSCOPY: LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND SPECULATIONS

5 Cochlear Implantation: Establishing Clinical Feasibility, 1957-1982

THE IDEA OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE HUMAN EAR

APPROACHES TO IMPLANTATION

NEW BEGINNINGS: COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION IN THE 1970S

Work by House, Simmons, and Michelson

Climate of Conflicting Opinions

Developing Interest Abroad

Threshold of a New Era

THE "CLINICIANS," THE "EXPERIMENTALISTS," AND THE ESTABLISHING OF CLINICAL FEASIBILITY

CONCLUSIONS

6 Innovation in Cardiac Imaging

OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC IMAGING

Nuclear Cardiology

Echocardiography

THE INNOVATION PROCESS

Examples from Echocardiography and Nuclear Cardiology

Concept

Prototype

Commercialization

Diffusion

Refinement

BARRIERS TO INNOVATION

CONCLUSION: MOVING TOWARD AN OPTIMAL R&amp

D PROGRAM IN AN INDUSTRIAL FIRM

APPENDIX A

Thallium Imaging

APPENDIX B

Tc-99 Sestamibi Tracer

APPENDIX C

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

APPENDIX D

Transesophageal Echocardiography

APPENDIX E

Acoustic Quantification

APPENDIX F

Color Flow

PART III Biotechnology Innovation

7 Incentives and Focus in University and Industrial Research: The Case of Synthetic Insulin

THE EMERGENCE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

RESEARCH COORDINATORS

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RDNA INSULIN RESEARCH PROJECTS

THE ROLE OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH.

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Organic Chemistry and Molecular Biology

Interactions with the Wider Medical and Scientific Community

The Nature of Interdisciplinary Research

THE ROLE OF INTERINSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH

Academic Collaboration

Financial Linkages

ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

The Existence of Heterogeneous Incentives

The Consequences of Heterogeneous Incentives

Interlab Competition

Conclusions: Consequences of Insulin Research for Future University-Industry Interactions

8 The Division of Innovative Labor in Biotechnology

PARTICIPANTS IN THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

COLLABORATION STRATEGIES OF LARGE FIRMS

EVALUATING AND USING TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION

THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR: TRANSIENT AND UNDESIRABLE?

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Part IV Concluding Observations

9 Perspectives on Industrial R&amp

D Management

THE CHANGING RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT

THE EVOLVING SCIENCE BASE

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES

10 The Intertwining of Public and Proprietary in Medical Technology

Appendixes

Appendix A Workshop Agenda

THE UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERFACE AND MEDICAL INNOVATION

Appendix B Contributors

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610193189

9780309176682

0309176689

9781280193187

1280193182

9780309587617

0309587611

9780585021737

0585021732

OCLC:

42854192