Clean ships, clean ports, clean oceans : controlling garbage and plastic wastes at sea / Committee on Shipborne Wastes, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Shipborne Wastes.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (1973).

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.

Marine debris--Management.

Marine debris.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (379 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1995.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

A National Research Council report that describes the properties of MARPOL 73/78 Annex V, an international treaty for garbage control at sea. It presents a comprehensive strategy to help promote and compel compliance with Annex V by surface vessels in all US maritime sectors a strategy that includes

Contents:

CLEAN SHIPS CLEAN PORTS CLEAN OCEANS

Copyright

Preface

ORIGIN OF THE STUDY

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

STUDY METHODS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Terminology and Acronyms

TERMINOLOGY

ACRONYMS

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SOURCES OF VESSEL GARBAGE

FATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS

THE COMMITTEE'S ANALYSIS

THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

OVERARCHING ISSUES

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION

Legislative Actions

Improve Management of Vessel Garbage

National Leadership

Sustained Education and Training

Model Programs

Federal Agency Actions

Coast Guard

Department of State (DOS)

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Maritime Administration (MARAD)

1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. Progress

INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES

Missions of U.S. Government Agencies

PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V

Case Histories

U.S. Navy Compliance

State Initiatives

Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental Groups

Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico

THE CHALLENGES AHEAD

2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage

IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

SOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE

Recreational Boats

Commercial Fisheries

Cargo Ships

Passenger Day Boats and Ferries

Small Public Vessels

Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply Vessels

Navy Surface Combatant Vessels

Passenger Cruise Ships

Research Vessels

FATES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE

General Observations

Implications for Special Areas

Implications for Implementation of Annex V

ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSICAL EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS

Human Health Problems.

Ecological Effects

Entanglement of Marine Animals

Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Species

Ghost Fishing

SUMMARY

3 Implementation

HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL

ADAPTING THE MODEL TO VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT

Interventions to Remedy the Hazard

Technological Innovations

Organizational and Operational Changes

Educational Communication

Government and Private Regulation and Enforcement

Economic Incentives

Application of the Model to the Seafarer Communities

A Final Modification to the Model

4 Elements of an Implementation Strategy

INTRODUCTION

ANALYSIS OF INTERVENTIONS

Recreational Boats and Their Marinas

Intelligence

Control

Analysis of Interventions

Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports

Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports

Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals

Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Base Terminals

Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports

Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports

Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call

5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage Management

PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT

SHIPBOARD TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES

Source Reduction

On-Board Storage

Shoreside Recycling

Treatment/Destruction

Compactors

Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders.

Incinerators

Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use

GARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTS

Garbage Management Strategies

ENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Quarantine Requirements

Port Accountability

Liability

Who Should Pay?

6 Education and Training

OVERVIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Types of Education and Training

Public Awareness Campaigns

Education and Training for Employees and Visitors

Management Education and Training

EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V

Marine Debris Information Offices

Sea Grant Activities

Efforts Targeting Boaters

Port Projects

Efforts Involving Industry

Programs Involving Government Fleets and Personnel

Public Awareness Programs

International Efforts

Information Exchange

A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM

THE FEDERAL ROLE IN ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING

Leadership

Secure Funding

Innovation

7 Overarching Issues Affecting Annex V Implementation

THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP

U.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V

Options for Improving Annex V Enforcement

Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities

Simplify Handling of Civil Cases

Track and Punish Repeat Violators

Monitor Garbage Handling Practices

Surveillance by Government Authorities

Surveillance by Ship Operators

Surveillance by Citizens

ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS

Implementation of Annex V in the Wider Caribbean

8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex V

RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATION

Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

Surveys of Beach Debris

Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts

Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment

Beach Surveys of Plastic Debris.

Benthic Surveys of Plastic Debris

Sampling Sites and Frequencies

Data Collection and Management

9 National Strategy

IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS

STRATEGY FOR EACH MARITIME SECTOR

Small Public Vessels and Their Home Ports

Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore Bases

10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex V

SCIENTIFIC MONITORING

VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE

ON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIES

ENFORCEMENT

NATIONAL LEADERSHIP

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical Information

APPENDIX B Annex V of MARPOL 73/78 Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships

Regulation 1

Regulation 2

Regulation 3

Regulation 4

Regulation 5

Regulation 6

Regulation 7

Guidelines for the implementation of Annex V of 73/78

1 Introduction and definitions

2 Training, education and information

3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage

4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures

5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage

6 Port reception facilities for garbage

7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V

Appendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for garbage

Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78

Annex

Appendix 2 Standard specification for shipboard incinerators

1 Scope

2 Definitions

3 Materials and manufacture

4 Operating requirements.

5 Operating controls

6 Other requirements

7 Tests

8 Certification

9 Marking

10 Quality Assurance

A1 - Emission standard for shipboard incinerators with capacities of up to 1,160 kW

Minimum information to be provided

A2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces

A3 - Incinerators integrated with heat recovery units

A4 - Flue gas temperature

APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for Annex V Implementation

FLAG STATE RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES

PORT STATE CONTROL

LIMITS ON NATIONAL AUTHORITIES: SAFEGUARDS FOR INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING

MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS

STRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULES

APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex V

APPENDIX E Characteristics of Annex V Special Areas

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIAL AREAS

Antarctic Ocean

The Baltic Sea

Black Sea

Caribbean Sea

Gulf of Mexico

The Mediterranean Sea

North Sea

Persian Gulf

Red Sea

APPENDIX F Ecological Effects of Marine Debris

GENERAL EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEMS

ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES

INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES

GHOST FISHING

DATA ON ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610193509

9780309176774

0309176778

9781280193507

1280193506

9780309587280

030958728X

9780585158716

0585158711

OCLC:

614584123