Biotechnology : science, engineering, and ethical challenges for the twenty-first century / edited by Frederick B. Rudolph and Larry V. McIntire..

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Rudolph, Frederick B., editor.

McIntire, Larry V., editor.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Biotechnology.

Biotechnology--Social aspects.

Physical Description:

xv, 278 p., [2] p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 24 cm.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, District of Columbia : Joseph Henry Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Biotechnology - the manipulation of the basic building blocks of life - is rapidly advancing in laboratories, raising serious issues for scientists and nonscientists alike. Who will decide what is safe? Who will have access to our personal genetic information? What are the risks? Biotechnology offers straightforward explanations of basic science and provides insight into these questions.

Contents:

Biotechnology

Copyright

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Part 1 Basic Research: The Foundation Of Biotechnology

1 Overview of Terminology and Advances in Biotechnology

DNA IDENTIFIED AS GENETIC MATERIAL

COMPOSITION OF DNA

DNA SEQUENCE ENCODES PROTEINS

MUTATIONS

FRAGMENTATION OF DNA

SEPARATION OF DNA AND ANALYSIS

RECOMBINANT DNA

SEARCHING FOR SPECIFIC GENES

References

2 Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology

THE GENETIC REVOLUTION

CANCER (A GENETIC DISEASE)

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

3 Structural Biology as It Applies to Biotechnology

DESIGN OF ANTI-HIV DRUGS

Design of Enzyme Inhibitors

Comparison of Inhibitors

Learning from Design

DESIGN OF CYTOKINE AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS

REFERENCES

4 The Future of Biotechnology

HIGHLIGHTS OF RECENT DISCOVERIES

THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT DISEASES

DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES

POSSIBILITIES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION

PRIVACY ISSUES

DRUG PRODUCTION

GENE THERAPY

GENETIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION

Part 2 Biotechnology Applications Today and Tomorrow

5 Effect of the New Biologies on Health Care

RECOMBINANT THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS

PROTEIN AGONISTS AND ANTAGONISTS

ANTICODON NUCLEOTIDES

PRESCRIPTION FOR THE FUTURE

6 Gene Therapy: Beyond Genetic Diseases

EX VIVO STRATEGY

IN VIVO STRATEGY

USE OF RECOMBINANT VIRUSES: THE RETROVIRUS

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF RETROVIRAL VECTORS

ADENOVIRAL VECTORS

ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ADENOVIRAL VECTORS

GENE THERAPY FOR SOLID TUMORS

USING THE ADENOVIRAL VECTOR TO DESTROY TUMOR CELLS

CRITERIA FOR GENE THERAPY FOR BRAIN TUMORS

FUTURE OF GENE THERAPY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

7 Tissue Engineering: The Union of Biology and Engineering

APPLICATIONS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING

ARTIFICIAL SKIN PRODUCTS

BIOARTIFICIAL ORGANS

VASCULAR SYSTEM

RECONSTITUTING BLOOD VESSELS

NEW BIOMATERIALS

CURRENT STATE OF TISSUE ENGINEERING

8 Development of Biopharmaceuticals: An Engineering Perspective

THERAPEUTIC PROTEINS

Post-Translational Processing

Use of Mammalian Cells

Problems with Scale-Up

SMALL MOLECULES

EPIGENESIS

The p53 Gene

Effect of Environment

BIOLOGICAL SYNTHESIS

DRUGS FROM PLANT PRODUCTS

Taxol: A Case Study

Plant Cell Tissue Culture

Epigenetic Behavior of Plant Cell Culture

IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION

9 Bioremediation: A Promising Technology

AN EMERGING BUT NOT A NEW TECHNOLOGY

THE UNDERGROUND ENVIRONMENT

EX SITU AND IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION

WHY BIOREMEDIATION?

LIMITATIONS

PROCESS FUNDAMENTALS

SUCCESSFUL BIOREMEDIATION

LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE NEEDS

Part 3 From Laboratory To Marketplace: The Challenges Of Technology Transfer

10 Interactions Between Universities and Industry

DISTRIBUTION OF UNIVERSITY REVENUE

A HISTORY OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCH

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

EFFECT OF WORLD WAR II

THE SPUTNIK CRISIS

CHANGE IN ECONOMIC THEORY

UNIVERSITIES ENTER THE TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS

RECENT "MEGA-AGREEMENTS

CONTRAST OF RESEARCH CULTURES

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

11 National Science Foundation's Perspective on University- Industry Interaction

PARTNERSHIPS

NSF-SPONSORED CENTERS

SOME CHALLENGES

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

12 Conflict of Interest in Basic Biomedical Research

CORE PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH

SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH

COMPETING AND CONFLICTING INTERESTS

HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE

CONTRIBUTIONS OF HHMI INVESTIGATORS.

HHMI POLICIES ON CONFLICT OF INTEREST

HHMI'S PHILOSOPHY

13 Patents: Help or Hindrance to Technology Transfer?

SECRECY AS A WAY TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

PATENT PROTECTION

COSTS OF THE PATENT SYSTEM

THE PATENT SYSTEM IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

PATENTING AS A WAY TO PROMOTE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

NEW PATENT POLICY OF THE 1980S

QUESTIONING FEDERAL PATENT POLICY

NIH APPLICATIONS FOR CDNA PATENTS

INDUSTRY OPPOSITION TO NIH PATENTING CDNA

PATENTS ON RESEARCH TOOLS

CONCLUSION

Part 4 Eithics, Behavior, And Values In Science And Society

14 Ensuring the Ethical Conduct of Research: Who Is Responsible?

PROFESSIONAL VALUES

ETHICAL PROBLEMS IN RESEARCH

THE NEED FOR EDUCATION ABOUT RESEARCH ETHICS

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

15 Misconduct: Regulating and Investigating Scientific Research

THE POPOVIC CASE

DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT

BURDEN OF PROOF

PROBLEMS WITH MISCONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS

OWNERSHIP OF DATA

GUIDELINES FOR ACADEMIA ON DATA AND AUTHORSHIP

INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARDS AND RESEARCH ON HUMANS

16 Ethical Decision Making in a Pluralistic Society

THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: IS IT BENEFICIAL?

SOCIETAL PROBLEMS RELATING TO THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

CLONING

EXPERIMENTING WITH HUMANS

NEED FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION

17 Ethical Issues Surrounding the New Technology as Applied to Health Care

ETHICAL, LEGAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS PROGRAM

QUESTIONS ILLUSTRATING THE UNANSWERABLE NATURE OF THE ISSUES

ADDRESSING ISSUES IN THE SHORT TERM

18 Biotechnology Applications and Women's Health Issues

LENS 1: SCIENCE IS OBJECTIVE

LENS 2: THE APPLICATION OF BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENT LEADS TO CONTINUOUS PROGRESS

LENS 3: THE DOCTOR KNOWS BEST

LENS 4: ADULT WHITE MALES ARE THE NORM.

LENS 5: WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE AND PREGNANT WOMEN ARE VULNERABLE AND NEED PROTECTION

LENS 6: ONLY AGENTS OR DRUGS GIVEN TO THE MOTHER, NOT THE FATHER, CAN AFFECT THE EMBRYO OR FETUS

LENS 7: DRUG COMPANIES CAN AVOID LIABILITY BY EXCLUDING WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE (AND PREGNANT WOMEN) FROM DRUG TRIALS

LENS 8: CONGRESS HAS OBJECTIVE CRITERIA AND MECHANISMS TO DETERMINE HOW AND WHERE MONEY SHOULD BE SPENT

LENS 9: CONGRESS HAS GOOD ADVICE AND MECHANISMS TO DESIGN RESEARCH STUDIES TO MEET THESE GOALS.

Part 5 The Role Of Government In The Development Of Biotechnology

19 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Policies Affecting Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Development

WORLDWIDE BIOPHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT

U.S. LAG IN DRUG INTRODUCTION

BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

DRUG PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT

Europe

Japan

THE FUTURE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY

20 Expanding the Horizons of Biotechnology in the Twenty-first Century

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN FY 1995

President's Budget Request

Human Genome Project

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY LINKAGES

CHALLENGES BY AND FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY

THE NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL AND THE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH SUBCOMMITTEE

FEDERAL INVESTMENT IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

REGULATORY POLICY

21 The Making of Environmental Policy Decisions

FEDERAL POLICY DECISIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION

FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT REGULATE BIOTECHNOLOGY

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Toxic Substances Control Act

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF REGULATORY POLICIES

A CASE STUDY: RISK DETERMINATION OF TRANSGENIC PLANT PESTICIDES

DEVELOPING EPA REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS.

ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN POLLUTION PREVENTION

Biographies of the Contributors

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9786610211104

95044203

9781280211102

1280211105

9780585025339

0585025339

9780309052825

0309052823

OCLC:

647365493