Mathematics and physics of emerging biomedical imaging / Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging ... National Research Council and Board on Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders, Institute of Medicine.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Board on Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diagnostic imaging--Mathematics.

Diagnostic imaging.

Imaging systems in medicine--Mathematics.

Imaging systems in medicine.

Medical physics--Mathematics.

Medical physics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (260 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This cross-disciplinary book documents the key research challenges in the mathematical sciences and physics that could enable the economical development of novel biomedical imaging devices. It is hoped that the infusion of new insights from mathematical scientists and physicists will accelerate progress in imaging. Incorporating input from dozens of biomedical researchers who described what they perceived as key open problems of imaging that are amenable to attack by mathematical scientists and physicists, this book introduces the frontiers of biomedical imaging, especially the imaging of dynamic physiological functions, to the educated nonspecialist. Ten imaging modalities are covered, from the well-established (e.g., CAT scanning, MRI) to the more speculative (e.g., electrical and magnetic source imaging). For each modality, mathematics and physics research challenges are identified and a short list of suggested reading offered. Two additional chapters offer visions of the next generation of surgical and interventional techniques and of image processing. A final chapter provides an overview of mathematical issues that cut across the various modalities.

Contents:

Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging

Copyright

PREFACE

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction and Summary

PLATE CAPTIONS

Chapter 2 X-Ray Projection Imaging

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 MAMMOGRAPHY

2.2.1 Scanning Methods

2.2.2 Area Detectors

2.3 CHEST RADIOGRAPHY

2.3.1 Scanning Methods

2.3.2 Area Detectors

2.4 DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY

2.5 PORTAL IMAGING

2.6 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

2.7 Suggested Reading

Chapter 3 X-Ray Computed Tomography

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 History

3.1.2 Principle of Operation

3.2 PRESENT STATUS OF CT INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNOLOGY

3.2.1 X-Ray Tubes

3.2.2 Detector Systems

3.2.3 Image Artifacts

3.2.4 Quantitative CT

3.2.5 Requirements for High-Speed CT

3.3 SPIRAL CT

3.4 ELECTRON BEAM TECHNIQUES

3.5 DATA HANDLING AND DISPLAY TECHNIQUES

3.6 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

3.7 Suggested Reading

Chapter 4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

4.1 PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

4.2 HARDWARE

4.2.1 Magnet Systems: Current Status and Opportunities

4.2.2 Pulsed-field MRI Systems

4.2.3 Radio-frequency Coils for MRI

Computational Design of RF Coils

Cooled Receiver Coils for MR Imaging

Use of Multiple Receivers

4.2.4 Magnetic Field Gradients

Local versus Whole-Body Gradients

Design Considerations

Applications

Bioeffects

4.2.5 Research Opportunities for MRI Hardware

Magnet Systems

Pulsed-field MRI

RF Coils

Gradient Systems

4.2.6 Suggested Reading Related to MRI Hardware

4.3 DYNAMIC MR IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

4.3.1 Partial Fourier Reconstruction

Predominantly One-sided Data Collection

Predominantly Every Other Point

Collecting Multiple Echoes

Two- and Three-Dimensional Extensions

4.3.2 Reduced Gibbs Ringing.

Iterative Sigma Filtering

Constraint-based Methods

Parametric Estimation

4.3.3 High-speed K-space Coverage Techniques

4.3.4 Research Opportunities in Dynamic MR Image Reconstruction

4.3.5 Suggested Reading Related to Dynamic MR Image Reconstruction

4.4 APPLICATIONS OF DYNAMIC MRI

4.4.1 Blood Flow

Fourier Velocity Encoding

RF Pulses

Measurement of Wave Speed and Distensibility

Postprocessing

Conclusions Related to MR Imaging of Blood Flow

4.4.2 Diffusion Imaging

Measurement of Diffusion Coefficients in vivo

Mapping of Diffusion Tensor

4.4.3 Other Tissue Parameters

Relaxation Times

Oxygen

Strain

4.4.4 Functional Brain MRI

Contrast Mechanism

Imaging Techniques

Hardware Requirements

Field Strength Considerations As discussed above, local field gradients

Processing of Functional Images

Safety Considerations

Biophysical Modeling

4.4.5 Multinuclear MRI

MR Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging

Injected Paramagnetic Contrast Agents and Hyperpolarized Noble Gases

4.4.6 Microscopic Imaging

Resolution

Signal-to-Noise Ratios

Gradients

Diffusion

Motion

Future Applications of in vivo MRI Microscopy

4.4.7 Research Opportunities Related to Applying Dynamic MRI

Blood Flow

Diffusion Imaging

Other Tissue Parameters

Functional Brain MRI

Multinuclear MRI

Microscopic Imaging

4.4.8 Suggested Reading on Applications of Dynamic MRI

Chapter 5 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 PHYSICAL AND INSTRUMENTATION FACTORS THAT AFFECT SPECT IMAGES

5.3 SPECT INSTRUMENTATION

5.3.1 SPECT System Designs

5.3.2 Special Collimators

5.3.3 New Radiation Detector Technologies.

5.4 SPECT IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION

5.4.1 The SPECT Reconstruction Problem

5.4.2 SPECT Image Reconstruction Methods

Compensation Methods

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction Methods for Special Collimator Designs

5.5 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

5.6 Suggested Reading

Chapter 6 Positron Emission Tomography

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.1.1 History

6.1.2 Applications

6.1.3 Principle of Operation

6.2 CURRENT STATUS OF PET TECHNOLOGY

6.2.1 γ-Ray Detectors

6.2.2 Limitations of the Spatial Resolution

6.2.3 System Electronics

6.2.4 Data Correction and Reconstruction Algorithms

6.3 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ACQUISITION AND RECONSTRUCTION

6.3.1 Principle of Three-Dimensional Acquisition

6.3.2 Three-Dimensional Reconstruction

6.3.3 Scatter Correction in Three Dimensions

6.3.4 Attenuation Correction in Three Dimensions

6.4 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

6.5 Suggested Reading

Chapter 7 Ultrasonics

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 INSTRUMENTATION

7.2.1 Transducers

Field Distributions

Acoustics and Vibration

Electromechanical Properties of Ferroelectric Materials

7.2.2 Ultrasonic Beam Forming

7.2.3 Signal Processing

7.3 SCATTERING

7.4 ULTRASONIC TOMOGRAPHY

7.5 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

7.6 Suggested Reading

Chapter 8 Electrical Source Imaging

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 OUTLINE OF ESI RECONSTRUCTION METHODS

8.2.1 Forward Problem

8.2.2 Inverse Problem

8.2.3 Temporal Regularization

8.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES

8.4 Suggested Reading

Chapter 9 Electrical Impedance Tomography

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 COMPARISON TO OTHER MODALITIES

9.3 PRESENT STATUS OF EIT AND LIMITATIONS

9.4 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

9.5 Suggested Reading

Chapter 10 Magnetic Source Imaging

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS

10.3 SOURCE MODELS

10.4 RESOLUTION

10.5 SUMMARY.

10.6 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

10.7 Suggested Reading

Chapter 11 Medical Optical Imaging

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 DATA ACQUISITION STRATEGIES

11.3 COMPARISONS WITH OTHER IMAGING MODALITIES

11.4 POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY

11.5 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

11.6 Suggested Reading

Chapter 12 Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventional Procedures

12.1 THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION EXPERIENCE WITH DIFFERENT IMAGING MODALITIES

12.1.1 X-Ray Imaging

12.1.2 Computed Tomography

12.1.3 Ultrasound

12.1.4 Endoscopy

12.1.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

12.2 THE ROLES OF IMAGING IN THERAPY

12.2.1 Planning

12.2.2 Guidance

12.2.3 Monitoring and Localization

12.2.4 Control

12.3 THERMAL SURGERY

12.3.1 Interstitial Laser Therapy

12.3.2 Cryotherapy

12.3.3 Focused Ultrasound

12.4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES

Planning

Guidance and Localization

Monitoring

Control

Instruments and Systems

12.5 Suggested Reading

Chapter 13 Frontiers of Image Processing for Medicine

13.1 IMAGE SEGMENTATION

13.2 COMPUTATIONAL ANATOMY

13.3 REGISTRATION OF MULTIMODALITY IMAGES

13.4 SYNTHESIS OF PARAMETRIC IMAGES

13.5 DATA VISUALIZATION

13.6 TREATMENT PLANNING

13.7 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

13.8 Suggested Reading

Chapter 14 A Cross-Cutting Look at the Mathematics of Emerging Biomedical Imaging

14.1 MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PARTICULAR IMAGING MODALITIES

14.1.1 Transmission Computed Tomography

14.1.2 Emission Computed Tomography

14.1.3 Ultrasound Computed Tomography

14.1.4 Optical Tomography

14.1.5 Electrical Impedance Tomography

14.1.6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

14.1.7 Vector Tomography

14.1.8 Tensor Tomography

14.1.9 Magnetic Source Imaging

14.1.10 Electrical Source Imaging

14.2 FORWARD PROBLEMS.

14.3 INVERSE PROBLEMS

14.4 ILL-POSEDNESS AND REGULARIZATION

14.4.1 The Tikhonov-Phillips Method

14.4.2 The Truncated Singular Value Decomposition

14.4.3 Iterative Methods

14.4.4 Regularization by Discretization

14.4.5 Maximum Entropy

14.5 SAMPLING

14.5.1 Sampling in Real Space

14.5.2 Sampling in Fourier Space

14.6 PRIORS AND SIDE INFORMATION

14.7 RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES

14.8 Suggested Reading

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610210770

9780309175975

0309175976

9781280210778

128021077X

9780309552929

0309552923

9780585020112

0585020116

OCLC:

42328754