Carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the human diet : a comparison of naturally occurring and synthetic substances / Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occuring Carcinogens, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Carcinogens.

Food--Toxicology.

Food.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (433 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Despite increasing knowledge of human nutrition, the dietary contribution to cancer remains a troubling question. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens assembles the best available information on the magnitude of potential cancer risk--and potential anticarcinogenic effect--from naturally occurring chemicals compared with risk from synthetic chemical constituents. The committee draws important conclusions about diet and cancer, including the carcinogenic role of excess calories and fat, the anticarcinogenic benefit of fiber and other substances, and the impact of food additive regulation. The book offers recommendations for epidemiological and diet research. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens provides a readable overview of issues and addresses critical questions: Does diet contribute to an appreciable proportion of human cancer? Are there significant interactions between carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet? The volume discusses the mechanisms of carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties and considers whether techniques used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetics can be used with naturally occurring chemicals. The committee provides criteria for prioritizing the vast number of substances that need to be tested. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens clarifies the issues and sets the direction for further investigations into diet and cancer. This volume will be of interest to anyone involved in food and health issues: policymakers, regulators, researchers, nutrition professionals, and health advocates.

Contents:

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE

CONCLUSIONS

Complexity of the Diet

Carcinogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity

Synthetic Versus Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

Models for Identifying Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens

RECOMMENDATIONS

Epidemiologic Studies and Human Exposure

Testing

Dietary Factors

FUTURE DIRECTIONS

CLOSING REMARKS

1 Introduction

STATEMENT OF TASK AND DELIBERATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE

DEFINITIONS

STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

REFERENCES

2 Naturally Occurring Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Diet

EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING CHEMICALS

THE COMPOSITION OF FOODS

The Major Components

The Minor Components

Complexity and Variability

Toxicants and Nontoxicants

The functional Role of the Components of Food

Dietary Plants and Cancer

NATURALLY OCCURRING CARCINOGENS FORMED DURING PROCESSING OR CONTAMINATION OF FOOD

Mycotoxins

Pyrolytic Products

CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY CARCINOGENS

Identifying Potential Human Dietary Carcinogens

Constitutive Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

Caffeic Acid

Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)

Acquired Naturally Occurring Carcinogens: Aflatoxin B1

Derived Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

PhIP (2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine)

N-Nitrosodimethylamine

CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY ANTICARCINOGENS

EFFECT OF DIETARY MACRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS

Calories

Carbohydrates

Fat

Linoleic Acid

Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)

Bile Acids and Free Fatty Acids

Protein

Alcohol

EFFECT OF DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS

Vitamin A

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Vitamin E (Tocopherols)

Folic Acid

Vitamin D and Calcium

Selenium

Iron.

ENGINEERING AN OPTIMAL DIET

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

3 Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet

SYNTHETIC FOOD ADDITIVES

OCCURRENCE AND EXPOSURE

Drinking Water

Foods

MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS

METABOLISM

TOXICOLOGICAL COMPARISONS

Nitrosamines

Hydrazines

Methylenedioxyphenyl Compounds

Aromatic Amines and Related Chemicals

Peroxisome Proliferators

Phenolic Antioxidants

Sodium Salts and Rodent Urinary Tract Carcinogenesis

α2u-Globulin Binding Compounds

4 Methods for Evaluating Potential Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens

METHODS FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS

Studies in Human Populations

Epidemiology

Molecular Epidemiology

Genetic Markers of Susceptibility

Biologic Markers of Internal Dose

Biologic Markers of Biologically Effective Dose

Early Biological Responses and Gene Mutations

Other Types of Biologic Markers

Screening Tests in Model Systems

Structure-Activity Analyses

Short-Term Tests

Rodent Carcinogenicity Assays

COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CARCINOGENS

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AND TESTING

Carcinogens

Anticarcinogens

5 Risk Comparisons

MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION

Sources of Information

Sources of Variation in Food Composition and Consumption

Factors Affecting Susceptibility

DIETARY EXPOSURE TO POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS AND ANTICARCINOGENS

Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

Constitutive Exposures

Derived

Acquired

Pass-Through

Intentional Food Additives and Constituents of Spices

Traditional Foods

Synthetic Carcinogens

Pesticide Residues in Foods

Veterinary Drug Residues

Packaging Materials

Residues from Food Processing

Direct Food Additives

Fiber.

Micronutrients

Non-Nutritive Constituents

Comparisons of Exposure Predictions for Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens

MEASURES OF CARCINOGENIC POTENCY

Correlation Between Cancer Potency and Other Measures of Toxicity

Interpretation of Carcinogenic Potency

ESTIMATING HUMAN CANCER RISKS

Risk-Estimation Methods

Uncertainty Analysis

Mechanistic Considerations

Toxicologically Insignificant Exposure Levels

Risks of Joint Exposures and Mixtures

DIETARY CANCER RISKS

Overall Impact of Diet on Cancer

Impact of Dietary Constituents on Human Cancer

Role of Calories and Fat

Excess Calories

Risk Estimates Derived from Epidemiologic Studies

Risk Estimates Derived from Toxicological Studies

Apportionment of Dietary Cancer Risk

Risks of Naturally Occurring Versus Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet

Potency of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens

Distribution of Potency

Interpretation of Results

HERP Approach

Additional Comparisons

OVERALL CONCLUSIONS

6 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions

Resources

Fundamental Mechanistic Studies

Rodent and In Vitro Assays

Analytic Methods in Structure-Activity Analyses

Engineering a More Optimal Diet

Appendix A Selected Substances in Food Subjected to Some Degree of Carcinogenicity Testing in Anima ...

Appendix B Agents with Potential Carcinogenic Activity and Their Occurrence in the Diet.

CAVEATS AND DISCLAIMERS

TD01 ESTIMATION

Appendix C Chemical Compounds Occurring in Dietary Plants that Have Been Reported to Inhibit Carcin.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610210879

9780309175715

0309175712

9781280210877

1280210877

9780309556590

0309556597

9780585020181

0585020183

OCLC:

726823035