Aeronautical technologies for the twenty-first century / Committee on Aeronautical Technologies, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Aeronautical Technologies.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aeronautics--Research--United States.

Aeronautics.

Aeronautics--Technological innovations--United States.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (313 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1992.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Prepared at the request of NASA, Aeronautical Technologies for the Twenty-First Century presents steps to help prevent the erosion of U.S. dominance in the global aeronautics market. The book recommends the immediate expansion of research on advanced aircraft that travel at subsonic speeds and research on designs that will meet expected future demands for supersonic and short-haul aircraft, including helicopters, commuter aircraft, "tiltrotor," and other advanced vehicle designs. These recommendations are intended to address the needs of improved aircraft performance, greater capacity to handle passengers and cargo, lower cost and increased convenience of air travel, greater aircraft and air traffic management system safety, and reduced environmental impacts.

Contents:

Aeronautical Technologies for the Twenty-First Century

Copyright

FOREWORD

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

THE TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE

NEEDS FOR THE FUTURE

THE NASA CIVIL AERONAUTICS PROGRAM

AIRCRAFT OF THE FUTURE

Advanced Subsonic Aircraft

High-Speed Civil Transports

Short-Haul Aircraft

ENVIRONMENTAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES

Environmental Issues

Operational Issues

AERONAUTICAL DISCIPLINES

Aerodynamics

Propulsion

Materials and Structures

Avionics and Controls

Cognitive Engineering

PART I: OVERVIEW

1 OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

MAINTAINING A STRONG AERONAUTICS PROGRAM

Economic Indicators in Air Transportation

Benefits of Large Market Share

REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH

THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

THE CURRENT NASA AERONAUTICS PROGRAM

PART II: STATUS AND OUTLOOK BY INDUSTRY SEGMENT

2 SUBSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

CURRENT INDUSTRY STATUS

MARKET FORECAST

BARRIER ISSUES

Overall Cost

System Capacity

Environmental Compatibility

NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO ADVANCED SUBSONIC TRANSPORTS

Cost/Convenience

Environment

Safety

Aircraft Performance

RECOMMENDED READING

3 HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

BARRIERS

Economic Viability

Environmental Viability

NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT

4 SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT

The Commuter Market

The Rotorcraft Market

The General Aviation Market

Forecast for Commuter Aircraft

Forecast for Rotorcraft

Forecast for General Aviation Aircraft

Barriers to Commuter Aircraft

Barriers to Rotorcraft

Barriers to General Aviation Aircraft.

NASA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT

PART III: TECHNICAL DISCIPLINES

5 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

EMISSIONS

NOISE

SONIC BOOM

6 OPERATIONAL ISSUES

AIRPORT CAPACITY

AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

7 AERODYNAMICS

LOW SPEED AND HIGH LIFT FOR SUBSONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT PROPULSION/AIRFRAME INTEGRATION

AERODYNAMIC CRUISE PERFORMANCE

Subsonic Aircraft Cruise Performance

Laminar Flow Control

Turbulent Drag Reduction

Advanced Supercritical Airfoils

Wing Design

Winglets

Status of Subsonic Technology

Supersonic Aircraft Cruise Performance

Turbulence Models

Sonic Boom

Subsonic Cruise

Status of Supersonic Technology

LOW SPEED AND HIGH LIFT FOR SUPERSONIC CONFIGURATIONS

SUPERSONIC AIRCRAFT PROPULSION/AIRFRAME INTEGRATION

Inlets

Nozzles

Noise

AERODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF CONVENTIONAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING FLIGHT DYNAMICS

Subsonic Aircraft

Supersonic Aircraft

AERODYNAMICS OF ROTORCRAFT

State of the Art and Recent Progress

Analytical Methods

First-Principle CFD Codes

Test Methodologies and Facilities

Design Concepts for Conventional Rotorcraft

Design Concepts for Convertible Rotorcraft

Potential for Advancement and Major Challenges-Helicopters

External Noise

Vibration

Internal Noise

Aerodynamic Interaction

Major Challenges/Innovative Approaches-Tiltrotors

Wing Download

Propulsion Efficiency

Opportunities Common to Both Helicopters and Tiltrotors

Composites in Rotor Design

Aerodynamic Test Facilities

Resources Required for Rotorcraft

WIND TUNNEL, FLIGHT, AND AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION TEST FACILITIES.

Existing Facilities

Wind Tunnels

Air-breathing Propulsion Facilities

Flight Test Facilities

Test Requirements for Future Systems

Adequacy of Existing Test Facilities to Meet Requirements

Low Speeds

Transonic Regime

Supersonic Regime

Air-breathing Propulsion

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Recommendations for Test and Computational Facilities

8 PROPULSION

PROPULSION FOR ADVANCED SUBSONIC AIRCRAFT

State of the Art

The Future

Observations for Advanced Subsonic Aircraft

Recommendations for Advanced Subsonic Aircraft

PROPULSION FOR HIGH-SPEED CIVIL TRANSPORT

Propulsion Technology Challenges

Observations for High-Speed Civil Transport

Recommendations for High-Speed Civil Transport

PROPULSION FOR SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT

40-75-Passenger Aircraft Market to 2005

19-35-Passenger Aircraft Market to 2005

Long-Term Regional Aircraft Market (2005-2020)

SHORT TAKEOFF AND LANDING AND VERTICAL TAKEOFF AND LANDING SYSTEMS

Engine Requirements

Enabling Technologies

Observations for Short-Haul Aircraft

Recommendations for Short-Haul Aircraft

HIGH-SPEED COMPUTATION FOR PROPULSION

Role of NASA

MATERIALS AND PROCESSING

Drivers for Materials Development and Requirements for Application

Special Economic Problems in Materials

Manufacturing Issues

Role of NASA in Materials and Manufacturing

Recommendations for Propulsion Materials

SMART ENGINES

Active Fan and Compressor Stabilization

Active Combustor Control

Magnetic Bearings

Active Noise Control

Recommendations for Smart Engines

TURBOMACHINERY COMPONENT TECHNOLOGY

Fluid Mechanics of Turbomachine Elements

Problems of Multistage Turbomachines

Combined Computational Fluid Dynamics for Airfoil Rows

Observations on NASA Turbomachinery Program.

Recommendations for Turbomachinery

COMBUSTORS AND EMISSIONS

9 MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

FUNDAMENTAL, BROADLY APPLICABLE RESEARCH

Materials and Processes

Metallics

Composite Materials

Structural Analysis and Design

Fabrication

Resin Matrix Composites

Metal and Ceramic Matrix Composites

Fabrication Summary

Test Methods

Smart Structures

Durability

Metals

Composites

FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SUBSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

Airframe

Propulsion System

Rotating Systems

Fans

Compressors

Turbines

Shafts and Bearings

Nonrotating Components

Engine Cases

Inlets and Nacelles

Acoustics

FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT

Polymer Matrix Composites Technology

Aluminum Alloys

Combustors

FOCUSED TECHNOLOGY ADDRESSING SHORT-HAUL AIRCRAFT

Commuter Aircraft

Rotorcraft

Vibration and Noise Reduction

Suppression of Tiltrotor Aircraft Whirl Flutter

Damage-Tolerant Structure for Dynamic System Components

Design of Transmission Components

General Aviation

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

CONCLUSIONS

Advanced Materials

Airframe Applications

Engine Applications

Smart Structures and Active Control

Regulatory Aspects

Recommendations for NASA

Fundamental and Technology Development Research

Airframe-Specific Research

Engine-Specific Research

10 AVIONICS AND CONTROL

FLIGHT PATH MANAGEMENT

Navigation, Guidance, and Performance/Mission Management

Communications

Collision Avoidance

Bad Weather Detection and Avoidance

Unique Rotorcraft Requirements

PILOT/VEHICLE INTERFACE

Simulation

Cockpit Display Technology

Cockpit Control Technology.

Unique Synthetic Vision/Virtual Reality Considerations

AVIONICS AND CONTROLS INTEGRATION

Hardware

Software

Functionality

Architecture

Verification &amp

Validation

CONTROL FUNCTIONAL APPLICATION

Controllability and Maneuverability

Load Alleviation and Ride Control

Engine Control

Aerodynamic Flow Control

Noise Reduction

AIRCRAFT POWER AND ACTUATION

Power Sources

Actuation

11 COGNITIVE ENGINEERING

VISIONS FOR 2020-PRECEDENTS AND CONTEXT FOR RESEARCH ACTION

Aeronautical Vehicle Visions for 2020

Air Transportation System Visions for 2020

Supervisory Telerobotic Human/Machine Systems Visions for 2020

TO MAKE GOOD THE VISIONS

THE CHALLENGES

SAFETY ENHANCEMENT IN THE AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Human Error Theories for Aeronautical Applications

General

Criteria for Useful Theories of Human Error in Aviation

Available Approaches to Theories of Human Error

Open- and Closed-Loop System Categories

Divided Attention Theory of Error

Open-Loop Theories-Discrete Commands and Demands

Slips and Mistakes

Statistical Decision Theory

Theories for Closed-Loop Situations

Human and Systems Performance Measurement for Assessment of Human Error Potential

Correlation of Theories with Available Data

Aviation-Relevant Scenarios and Experimental Outlines for Evolution and Validation of Theories

Alleviation of Error-Error-Tolerant Systems

Selection and Training

Surveillance by Independent Systems

Operator Status Assessment

Operational Strategy and Tactics-Training for Abnormal Situations

Error-Tolerant Design

Human/Automation System Interaction Characteristics

Situation Awareness Displays

ASSURANCE OF VALID AND RELIABLE SYSTEM OPERATIONS

EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION

Total System Perspective.

Machine-Aided Information Acquisition, Processing, and Decision Making.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 269-275) and index.

ISBN:

9786610203222

9781280203220

1280203226

9780309584548

030958454X

9780585002378

0585002371

OCLC:

42328523