Under the influence? : drugs and the American work force / Jacques Normand, Richard O. Lempert, and Charles P. O'Brien, editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Normand, Jacques, 1954-

Lempert, Richard O.

O'Brien, Charles P.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Drugs and employment--United States.

Drugs and employment.

Alcoholism and employment--United States.

Alcoholism and employment.

Employee assistance programs--United States.

Employee assistance programs.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (333 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1994.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Drug use in the workplace, its effect on performance and safety, and the role of workplace drug testing has received much attention in the popular press. But what do we actually know about this troubling issue? With an extensive and readable overview of the literature, the committee presents what we do know by examining the major issues: The extent and severity of drug use on and off the job. The strengths and weaknesses of methods for detecting drug use through standard drug tests. The effect of drug use on behavior, including the results of both laboratory and field studies that have examined work-related behavior and worker productivity. The effectiveness of interventions to deal with drug use, such as employee assistance programs, health promotion programs, and treatment programs for substance abuse. This volume will be of practical interest to human resource and employee assistance program managers, policymakers, and investigators.

Contents:

UNDER THE INFLUENCE?

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Summary: Conclusions and Recommendations

THE COMMITTEE'S CHARGE

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Part I: Scope of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Chapter 2 Etiology of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: An Overview of Potential Causes

Chapter 3 Epidemiological Evidence: The Dimensions of the Problem

Part II: Effects of Use

Chapter 4 Impact of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Laboratory Studies

Chapter 5 Impact of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Observational/Field Studies

Part III: Effectiveness of Workplace Interventions

Chapter 6 Detecting and Assessing Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Chapter 7 Impact of Drug-Testing Programs on Productivity

Chapter 8 Employee Assistance Programs

Appendix A Methodological Issues

REFERENCE

1 Introduction

Definition of the Term Drug

Definitions of Use, Abuse, and Dependence

Definition of the Work Force

SCOPE OF THE REPORT

REFERENCES

I Scope Of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

2 Etiology of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: An Overview of Potential Causes

OVERVIEW

ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE ON THE JOB

Patterns of Alcohol and Other Drug Use on the Job

Predictors of Alcohol and Other Drug Use on the Job

Nature Versus Nurture in Alcohol and Other Drug Use on the Job

Alcohol and Other Drug Use by Occupation and Context

3 Epidemiological Evidence: The Dimensions of the Problem

SURVEY AND DRUG-TESTING APPROACHES: STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS

LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS

High School Senior Surveys

Prevalence and Trends in Illicit Drug Use

Alcohol and Cigarettes

National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse

Prevalence and Trends in Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Demographic Correlates of Alcohol and Other Drug Use.

Alcohol and Other Drug Use by the Work Force

Military Worldwide Surveys

Trends in Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Demographic Correlates of Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Effects of Alcohol and Other Drug Use at Work

Comparing Military and Civilian Alcohol and Other Drug Use

Is Heavy Illicit Drug Use Declining?

Summary

WORK SITE DRUG TESTING

Background

Findings

Reasons for Testing

Region and Type of Industry

Time Trends

ORGANIZATION-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE STUDIES

U.S. Postal Service

Hospital Employees

Municipal and Housing Authority Workers

Naval Recruits

Utility Employees

Manufacturing

OTHER PREVALENCE STUDIES OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE IN THE WORKPLACE

II Effects Of Use

4 Impact of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Laboratory Studies

STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF LABORATORY STUDIES

DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Stimulant Drugs

Marijuana

Alcohol and Sedatives

Residual Drug Effects

METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES

LIMITS AND REALITIES OF LABORATORY STUDIES

GENERAL FINDINGS

5 Impact of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Observational/Field Studies

COMMON PROBLEMS WITH FIELD STUDIES

Links Between Deviance, Alcohol and Other Drug Use, and Work Behavior

Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Deviance

Role of Deviance in the Correlation of Alcohol and Other Drug Use and Work Behavior

FIELD STUDIES

Absenteeism

Accidents

Accidents in the Transportation Industry

Accidents in Other Industries

Turnover

Job Satisfaction

Other Outcomes

PRODUCTIVITY COSTS OF ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE

Overview of a Typical Cost-of-Drug-Use Study

Interpreting Cost-of-Drug-Use Studies

Costs of Alcohol and Other Drug Use: Worker Productivity.

Alcohol Use and Productivity

Marijuana Use and Productivity

Cocaine and Other Drug Use and Productivity

Demographic Differential Effects

Variations in Results Across Outcome Measures

INTERPRETING THE EMPIRICAL RESULTS

III Effectiveness Of Workplace Interventions

6 Detecting and Assessing Alcohol and Other Drug Use

EVOLUTION OF BIOCHEMICAL DRUG TESTING

BIOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR DETECTING DRUG USE

Specimen Collection

Laboratory Methods

On-Site Testing Facilities

Adding to the List of Drugs to be Tested

Accuracy and Interpretation

INDIRECT METHODS OF ASSESSING ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUG USE

Personal Profiles

Integrity Tests

Other Personal Profile Measures

Behavioral Indicators

Drug Evaluation and Classification Program

Occupational Alcoholism and Employee Assistance Programs

7 Impact of Drug-Testing Programs on Productivity

TYPES AND USES OF DRUG-TESTING PROGRAMS

IMPACT OF DRUG-TESTING PROGRAMS

Preemployment Drug Testing

For-Cause Testing

Random Drug Testing

Workplace Drug Testing and Productivity

CONCEPTUAL INCONGRUITIES IN RESEARCH METHODS

Conceptual Issues

Cost-Effectiveness of Drug-Testing Programs

EFFECTS OF DRUG TESTING ON ATTITUDES AND MORALE

Influence of Job Characteristics

Influence of Program Characteristics

Limitations of Research on Reactions to Drug Testing

8 Employee Assistance Programs

PREVENTION ACTIVITIES

Health Promotion and Wellness Programs

Effects of Interventions on Work-Related Outcome Measures

EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

Types of Data Available

Utilization of Services

Evidence of Effectiveness

Specific Activities and Services

Supervisor Training.

Impact of Supervisor Training

Follow-Up Counseling and Support

Level of Care

TREATMENT

Entering Treatment

Self-Referral

Supervisor Referral

Advantage of Early Detection and Referral

Treatment Follow-up and Work Site Reentry

Plan for After-Care

Effectiveness of After-Care

APPENDIXES

A Methodological Issues

SCIENTIFIC JUDGMENT AND RESEARCH DESIGN

TYPES OF STUDY DESIGNS

Epidemiologic (Observational, Nonexperimental)

Drug-Use-Related Issues by Epidemiologic Designs

Strengths and Weaknesses

Quasi-Experiments: Strengths and Weaknesses

Randomized Trials and Laboratory Experiments: Strengths and Weaknesses

PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE VERSUS STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

RESEARCH DESIGN ISSUES SPECIFIC TO DRUG USE IN THE WORKPLACE

Unit of Analysis

Temporal Sequence and Causality

Measurement Errors of Drug Use Indicators

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

B The Legal Environment of Drug Testing

SOURCES OF AUTHORITY

LEGAL CONSTRAINTS

The Fourth Amendment

Skinner and Von Raab

Applying the Reasonableness Standard

Factors to Be Considered

The Private Sector

Employees and Applicants

State Law

CONCLUSION

A WORD ABOUT ETHICS

C Biographical Sketches

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610211357

9781280211355

1280211350

9780309596268

0309596262

9780585023632

0585023638

OCLC:

42329011