Possible health effects of exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields / Committee on the Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Biologic Systems, Board on Radiation Effects Research, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Possible Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Biologic Systems.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Electromagnetic fields--Health aspects.

Electromagnetic fields.

Electromagnetism--Physiological effect.

Electromagnetism.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (378 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Residential electric and magnetic fields

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1997.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.

Contents:

Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric And Magnetic Fields

Copyright

Preface

OTHER REPORTS OF THE COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

Acknowledgments

Contents

Executive Summary

CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE

CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMMITTEE

STUDY FINDINGS

Epidemiology

Exposure Assessment

In Vitro Studies on Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields

In Vivo Studies on Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields

1 Introduction

BACKGROUND

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

AREAS OF CONCERN

DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF TERMS

Electric and Magnetic Fields

Biologic Effects

Health Effects

Exposure Assessment in Epidemiologic Studies

Risk Assessment

SOURCES OF EXPOSURE

Electric Power Lines

Electric Appliances

Transportation Systems

WHY KNOWLEDGE ABOUT ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IS IMPORTANT

RELATED REPORTS

ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT

2 Exposure and Physical Interactions

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

DEFINITION OF TERMS

METHODS OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

General Problems

Measurement Methods and Instrumentation

Field Calculations

TYPICAL EXPOSURES

Electric Fields

Residential and Environmental Magnetic Fields

Residence

Background Fields

Appliances

Personal Monitoring

Environmental Fields

Power Lines (Transmission and Distribution)

Occupational Magnetic Fields

Workplace

Transportation

Transients

EXPOSURES IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Residential

Wire Codes

Calculations

Distance

Measurements

Occupational

EXPOSURES IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

Animal and Cellular Studies

In Vivo Studies

In Vitro Studies

INDUCED FIELDS AND CURRENTS

Electric-Field Exposure

Magnetic-Field Exposure

3 Cellular and Molecular Effects

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

UTILITY AND LIMITATIONS OF IN VITRO STUDIES

GENOTOXICITY AND CARCINOGENIC POTENTIAL OF POWER-FREQUENCY ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF IN VITRO EFFECTS

Heritable Changes in Cells Exposed In Vitro to Electric and Magnetic Fields

Transient Changes in Cells Exposed In Vitro to Electric and Magnetic Fields

Signal Transduction

Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis

Calcium Changes

4 Animal and Tissue Effects

CRITERIA FOR CONSIDERATION OF LITERATURE

USE OF ANIMAL STUDIES IN EVALUATING RISK

Types of Animal Studies Used in Descriptive Toxicology

Acute Lethality

Repeated-Dose Studies

Subchronic Toxicity Studies

Chronic Toxicity Studies

Developmental and Reproductive Studies

Cocarcinogenicity and Copromotion Studies of Electric and Magnetic Fields

CARCINOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC EFFECTS

Complete Carcinogen Studies

Tumor-Initiation Studies

Tumor-Promotion Studies

REPRODUCTIVE AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS

Nonmammalian Studies of 50- or 60-Hz Electric Fields

Fish

Chicken

Mammalian Studies of 50- or 60-Hz Electric Fields

Mice

Rats

Swine

Cattle

Nonmammalian Studies of Time-Varying Magnetic Fields

Mammalian Studies of Time-Varying Magnetic Fields

Summary of Reproductive and Developmental Effects

NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS

Magnetic Fields

Summary of Neurobehavioral Effects

IN VIVO NEUROCHEMICAL AND NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS

Neurochemical Effects

Melatonin Effects

Effects of Electric Fields on Animals

Effects of Magnetic Fields on Animals

Effects of Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields on Animals

Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Humans

Neuroendocrine Effects

Consistency and Plausibility of Results

BONE HEALING AND STIMULATED CELL GROWTH.

Regulation and Cell Biology of Bone

Endogenous electromagnetic Properties of Bone

Clinical Stimulation of Bone Healing with Electric and Magnetic Fields

Potential Mechanisms of Electric-and Magnetic-Field Effects on Bone

Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Signal Transduction in Bone

A Hypothetical Scenario for Electric-and Magnetic-Field Effects on Bone

DISCUSSION

5 Epidemiology

INTERPRETATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE

Potential Sources of Error in Epidemiologic Studies

Random Error

Information Bias: Misclassification of Disease or Exposure

Selection Bias

Confounding and Effect Modification

Criteria for Causality in Epidemiologic Studies

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURES

Summary of Evidence

Framework for the Interpretation of Evidence Linking Magnetic Fields to Childhood Cancer

Are Wire Codes Associated with Cancer?

Assessing the Association Between Residential Magnetic Fields and Childhood Leukemia Using Technique of Meta-Analysis to...

Methods

Results

Discussion

Selection Bias and Control Selection in Residential Childhood Cancer Studies

Information Bias in Residential Childhood Cancer Studies

Conclusions on an Association Between Electric Wiring Near Residences and Childhood Cancer

Is the Association of Cancer with Electric Wiring Near Residences Accounted for by Factors Other Than Magnetic Fields?

Wire Codes and Potential Confounders

Cancer and Potential Confounders

Evidence of Confounding in Previous Studies

Conclusions About Confounding

Is the Association with Cancer Accounted for by Magnetic Fields?

Review of Exposure-Assessment Methods in Residential Studies

Evidence Linking Magnetic Fields to Cancer

Evaluation of Epidemiologic Evidence.

Quality of Magnetic-Field Indicators and Strength of Association

Dose-Response Gradients

Confounding

Consistency with Secular Trend Data

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-APPLIANCE EXPOSURES

CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES

REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

Video-Display Terminals

Residences

Workplaces

Methodologic Issues

LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR

Suicide

Depression

Headaches

Neuropsychologic Performance

Summary

6 Risk Assessment

RISK ASSESSMENT

Hazard Identification

Dose-Response Assessment

Risk Characterization

Biologic Mechanism of Action

Overall Conclusions for Risk Assessment

Other Possible Human-Health Effects

7 Research Needs and Research Agenda

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES

Wire Codes and Childhood Cancer

Wire Codes and Confounders

Confounders and Childhood Cancer

Wire Codes and Magnetic Fields

Magnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer

Improved Studies of Measured Residential Magnetic Fields and Childhood Cancer

Studies of Magnetic Fields from Sources Other Than Power Lines

LABORATORY STUDIES

Engineering Studies

Instrumentation and Transient Currents

Biophysical Modeling

Grounding System Currents

Contemporary Versus Historical Exposures

Wire Codes Versus Contemporary and Historical Magnetic-Field Measurements

Biologic Studies

RESEARCH STRATEGY

Appendix A Tables

Appendix B Exposure Assessment in Residential Studies

WIRE CODES

Magnetic-Field Measurements

Wire Codes And Residential Magnetic Fields

Prediction of Mean Fields and Variance in Fields

Prediction of Categories of Fields

Wire Codes And Personal Exposure To Magnetic Fields

Refinements in Wire Codes

Historical Versus Contemporary Measurements.

Variability in the Wire-Code and Magnetic-Field Association

Alternative Magnetic-Field Indices

Wire Codes And Transient And Variable Fields

References

Glossary

Biographic Sketches of Committee Members

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references (p. 302-337) and index.

ISBN:

9786610192304

9780309175661

0309175666

9781280192302

1280192305

9780309556712

0309556716

9780585030784

0585030782

OCLC:

42329683