Pesticides in the diets of infants and children / Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children, Board on Agriculture and Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Science, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pediatric toxicology.

Pesticide residues in food--United States.

Pesticide residues in food.

Pesticides--Toxicology.

Pesticides.

Infant formulas--Contamination.

Infant formulas.

Food contamination.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (401 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas: Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life? This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.

Contents:

PESTICIDES in the DIETS OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

CONCLUSIONS

Age-Related Variation in Susceptibility and Toxicity

Age-Related Differences in Exposure

A New Approach to Risk Assessment for Infants and Children

RECOMMENDATIONS

1 Background and Approach to the Study

PESTICIDE USE

PESTICIDE CONTROL LEGISLATION

APPROACH TO THE STUDY

REFERENCES

2 Special Characteristics of Children

GROWTH

Normal Human Growth

Human Compared to Animal Infants

Toxicologic Implications of Growth in Cell Numbers and Size

Toxicologic Implications of the Growth and Development of Organs

Toxicologic Implications of Changes in Body Composition

DEVELOPMENT

Genetics, Development, and the Environment

Metabolism

Developmental Toxicity Studies

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Recommendations

3 Perinatal and Pediatric Toxicity

ACUTE TOXICITY

NEUROTOXICITY

Postnatal Effects of Neurotoxicants

Measuring Neurotoxic Effects in Humans

The Lead Model

Pesticides as Neurotoxicants

Effects of Pesticides in Children

Levels of Pesticides Affecting Children

Comparability of Neurotoxicity Effects in Laboratory Animals

IMMUNOTOXICITY

Effects of Environmental Agents on the Immune System

Animal Studies

Studies in Humans

CARCINOGENESIS AND MUTAGENESIS

Carcinogenesis in the Developing Organism

Human Studies

METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS

Dermal and Pulmonary Exposure

Oral Exposure

Absorption

Other Factors Affecting Oral Absorption

Distribution and Uptake of Chemicals

Retention

Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds

Excretion

SCALING AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS

Body Weight

Other Effects of Body Size

Surface Area

Metabolic Rate

Regression Analysis.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4 Methods for Toxicity Testing

CURRENT METHODS: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

ACUTE TOXICITY STUDIES

General Description

EPA's Proposed Changes

SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES

CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES

DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY STUDIES

REPRODUCTION STUDIES

MUTAGENICITY STUDIES

GENERAL METABOLISM STUDIES

NEUROTOXICITY STUDIES

SPECIAL TESTING

5 Food and Water Consumption

FOOD CONSUMPTION SURVEYS

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

Retrospective Methods

The 24-Hour (or 1-Day) Recall Method

Food Frequency Questionnaires

Prospective Methods

Food Records or Diaries

Combined Retrospective and Prospective Methods

Methods Used in USDA Surveys

SURVEY DESIGN

SAMPLE WEIGHTS

SAMPLE SIZE

COMPARISONS OF INTAKE DATA WITH STANDARDS

VALIDATION OF FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA

THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE FOOD CONSUMPTION DATA BASES IN ESTIMATING PESTICIDE EXPOSURE OF CHILDREN

WATER INTAKE

Dietary Sources of Water

Water Intake Estimates

QUANTIFICATION OF CONSUMPTION DATA

AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN DIETARY PATTERNS

ISSUES RELATED TO THE EVALUATION OF FOOD MONITORING DATA

Differences in Consumption Among Age Groups

Differences in Consumption within Age Groups

6 Pesticide Residues

SOURCES OF DATA ON USAGE.

THE OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES

PESTICIDE REGISTRATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHODS

Interregional Project Number 4

Universities and the ARS

METHODS FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Sampling

Analysis

Single Residue Methods

Multiresidue Methods

Criteria for Selecting a Method

Single Residue Methods or Multiresidue Methods?

Breadth of Applicability

Detection Limits

Accuracy and Precision

Speed and Cost

Instrumentation

Validation

MONITORING

Federal Activities

State Activities

Food Processing Industry Activities

Private Laboratories

QUALITY CONTROLS

LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA

Sources of Error

Other Limitations

PESTICIDES IN WATER

Groundwater

Surface Water

The Importance of Water Data to Infants and Children

PESTICIDES IN INFANT FORMULA

Infant Formula Based on Cow's Milk

Soy-Based Infant Formula

Theoretical Maximum Residue Contributions

PESTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK

DDT and Metabolites

Dieldrin

Lindane

Hexachlorobenzene

Other Cyclodiene Pesticides

Risks to Infants from Pesticides in Human Milk

PESTICIDES IN FOODS

The FDA Surveillance Data

Number of FDA Samples

Positive Detections

Residue Levels

Residue Distribution

Effects of Processing

Apple-Based Foods

Infant Cereal

7 Estimating Exposures

THE USED OF FOOD CONSUMPTION AND RESIDUE DATA FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

Food Consumption Data

Average Levels of Consumption

Peak Levels of Consumption

Residue Monitoring

Combining Residue and Exposure Data

LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO BENOMYL

The Compound

The Consumption Data

The Residue Data

Estimation of Exposure

The Manufacturer's Field Trials

The Manufacturer's Market Basket Survey.

FDA Surveillance Data

The Food Industry

A Certification Business

Summary

SHORT-TERM EXPOSURE TO ALDICARB

Acute Effects of Dietary Aldicarb Exposure

Effects of Assumptions Regarding Residues Below the LOQ

Estimating Dietary Exposure

MULTIPLE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT: ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES

Cholinesterase Inhibition

Relative Potency of Organophosphates

Residue Data

Exposure Analysis

NONDIETARY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES

Exposure via Parents

Exposure Through Air

Outdoor Air

Indoor Air

Exposure via Contaminated Surfaces

Home-Use Products

Pet Products

Playground Equipment

Exposure via Medications and Personal Products

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide

Lindane and Malathion

Lanolin

Occupational Exposures

Exposure via Accidental Ingestion

8 Estimating the Risks

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF RISK ASSESSMENT

Toxicological Risk Assessment

Cancer Risk Estimation

Additivity to Background and Low-Dose Linearity

Nonlinearity at High Doses

Molecular Dosimetry

Mathematical Modeling of Cancer Risk

Species Conversion

Benchmark Dose

RISK ASSESSMENT FOR INFANTS AND CHILDREN

Pharmacokinetics

Pregnancy, Lactation, and Nursing

Neurotoxicity

Multiple Exposures

Inert Ingredients

Considerations Specific to Children

Exposure and Low Socioeconomic Status

Age-Dependent Toxicity

Genetic Susceptibility

Polymorphism in Metabolism

Chronic Medical Conditions

Interactions with Medication

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Antiepileptic Pharmaceuticals

Other Pharmaceuticals

Carcinogenesis

Factors That Might Increase Risk of Cancer Among Infants and Children.

Effects of Age-Dependent Exposures

Consumption and Exposure Data

Index.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610196609

9781280196607

1280196602

9780309585354

030958535X

9780585030661

0585030669

OCLC:

42329648