Careers in science and technology : an international perspective / Advisory Committee, Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel and Committee on International Organizations and Programs, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel.

National Research Council (U.S.). Office of International Affairs.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Science--Vocational guidance.

Science.

Technology--Vocational guidance.

Technology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (194 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Careers in science & technology

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1995.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Every industrialized country is concerned with maintaining an adequate supply of individuals interested in careers in science and technology, yet little is known about these efforts outside national borders. This book represents the proceedings of an international conference on Trends in Science and Technology Careers, held in Brussels in 1993. Organized at the behest of OSEP and the OIA Committee on International Organizations and Programs, in cooperation with the European Commission (DG XII) and in response to a resolution of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the conference identified international data on career trends, assessed the research base engaged in studying science and technology careers, and identified ways in which international organizations could promote greater interest in science and technology human resource development. The conference laid the groundwork for continuing international discussions about the best ways to study and promote careers in science and technology and national dialogues about the ways to integrate this knowledge into human resources policies.

Contents:

Careers in Science and Technology: An International Perspective

Copyright

INVITED CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PREFACE

Contents

INTRODUCTION

PANEL 1 MONITORING CAREER TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

PANEL 2 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&amp

T CAREERS: THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH

PANEL 3 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&amp

T CAREERS: FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE

PANEL 4 UTILIZING POINTS OF INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE AND SUSTAIN INTEREST IN S&amp

T CAREERS

PANEL 5 INFLUENCING S&amp

T CAREER TRENDS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

PART I Monitoring Career Trends in Science and Technology

Summary of Introductory Comments

Recent Developments in International Science and Technology Personnel Data Collection

UNESCO'S DATA ON THE WORLD STOCK OF S&amp

T PERSONNEL

OECD EXPERIENCE OF MEASURING R&amp

D PERSONNEL

EFFORTS TO COLLECT S&amp

T PERSONNEL DATA AT THE OECD

THE OECD TECHNOLOGY-ECONOMY PROGRAM

RECENT AND EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE S&amp

T WORKFORCE

THE INCREASING ROLE OF WOMEN IN S&amp

T

DECREASING GENERAL INTEREST IN S&amp

T STUDIES AND CAREERS

FORECASTING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR S&amp

THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC S&amp

T/R&amp

D PROGRAMS

THE OECD S&amp

T MANUALS

THE NEW S&amp

T HUMAN RESOURCES MANUAL

TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS IN TERMS OF QUALIFICATIONS OR OCCUPATION?

SHOULD TECHNICIANS BE INCLUDED?

WHAT DISCIPLINES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN S&amp

T?

ALL SKILLED PERSONNEL OR ONLY THOSE ENGAGED IN S&amp

DEPRECIATION OF QUALIFICATIONS

STOCKS AND FLOWS OF S&amp

SOURCES OF DATA

S&amp

T PERSONNEL VARIABLES OF POLICY

FULL-TIME EQUIVALENCE VERSUS HEAD-COUNT

COMPATIBILITY WITH INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS

WHAT NEXT?.

The Trends in Scientific and Engineering Personnel in Japan and the Focus of Research in the Institute of Science and …

ESTABLISHMENT OF NISTEP AND ITS TASKS

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN JAPAN

Historical Character of Education for Scientific and Engineering Personnel

Current Situation in Scientific and Engineering Personnel Supply

Problems and Prospects in the Near Future in Japan

MAIN CONTENTS AND FOCUSES OF RESEARCH CONCERNING SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN NISTEP

Research on Public Understanding of S&amp

T and STS Communication

Research on Careers and Professional Activities of Scientific and Technology Personnel

Research on Trends of S&amp

T Careers Through S&amp

T Award

Research on Choice of Field by University Applicants and Employment Trends of Science and Engineering Graduates

Research on Science and Engineering Doctorates in Japan

The Japanese S&amp

T Indicator System

CONCLUSIONS

NOTES

REFERENCES

Developing Data Systems on Trends in Science and Technology Careers

WHAT DATA ARE NEEDED?

WHAT PROBLEMS MUST BE OVERCOME IN CREATING DATA SYSTEMS?

Problem 1: Comparability-Geographical and Temporal

Problem 2: Specificity

Problem 3: Periodicity

Problem 4: Structuring the Data

CONCLUSION: CONFRONTING THE PROBLEMS

PART II Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: The Longitudinal Approach

A Demographic Approach to Studying the Process of Becoming a Scientist/Engineer

BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS

Cohort

Career Process Redefined

Bathtub" Model of a Population

STATES AND TRANSITIONS

MARKOV PROCESS

DATA

RESULTS

Distribution of Educational States

Age Pyramid

Sex Differences

Exit and Entry Rates

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES.

Human Resources in Science and Technology and the Less Developed Countries Of Europe (EC-12)

EDUCATIONAL POLICY

Comments and Conclusions on Educational Issues Related to Human Capital

EMPLOYMENT

REGIONAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIOECONOMIC PARAMETERS

Demographic Trends and Labor Force

ECONOMIC INDICATORS

Human Resources

Disparities in Productivity and Income

Educational Opportunities and Training Facilities

SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Measurement of Science and Technology

Economic Resources Devoted to R&amp

D

Human Resources in Science and Technology

Data on Human Resources in Less Favored Regions of EC-12

SOME CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THIS ANALYSIS

SOME PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS FROM THE INQUIRY CARRIED OUT BY OUR GROUP

The Longitudinal Analysis of the Selection of Careers in Science and Technology

THE IMPORTANCE OF LONGITUDINAL MEASUREMENT

XIE: A DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL

MUNOZ: HUMAN RESOURCES IN LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS OF EUROPE

THE IMPACT OF THE END OF THE COLD WAR

WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE PROCESS?

PART III Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Factors Determining Choice

Overview of Technical Papers

BACKGROUND

Factors Influencing Choice

1. Sociocultural Environment

2. Teaching of Science in Schools

3. The Gender Gap

4. The Image of Science

5. Career Prospects

IMPLICATIONS

Science And Technology Careers: Individual And Societal Factors Determining Choice

PROLOGUE: CAREER SELECTION IN THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REALM

UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF CHOICE

Factors Thought to Influence a Young Person's Decision to Select a Career in S&amp

T: Some Survey and Analytic Data

The Nature of the Decisionmaking Process.

Vocational Awareness and Vocational Flexibility

Why Students with S&amp

T "A" Levels Turn to Non-S&amp

T Degrees

The Effects of Perceived Ability on Choices

Factors Affecting Female Students' Choices

Policies to Improve S&amp

T Literacy (and Possible Selection of S&amp

T as a Career)

FUTURE RESEARCH TASKS

Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science Education

BRIEF REVIEW OF RELEVANT FACTORS

ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

ATTITUDES AND VALUES AFFECTING PARTICIPATION, ACHIEVEMENT, AND CHOICE OF CAREER IN SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS)

CAREER IMPLICATIONS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS AND ATTITUDES TO SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS)

ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION (NON-IEA STUDIES)

CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS

Critique of Technical Papers

Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science…

Science and Technology Careers: Individual and Societal Factors Determining Choice by Thomas Whiston, University of Sussex

GENERAL DISCUSSION

PART IV Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers

Introduction to Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers

RECRUITMENT METHODS

RETENTION METHODS

Human Development of Science and Technology in Japan: From the Classroom to the Business World

Statistical Outline of Current Japanese Education

RECENT EFFORTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH

PRE- AND IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF SCHOOL TEACHERS: GRADES 1-12

Current Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers.

Upcoming Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers

CERTIFICATION SYSTEM OF TEACHERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

SCHOOL CURRICULA FOR THE PROSPECTIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER STUDENTS

Current and Upcoming School Intended Curricula

School Textbooks: Mathematics and Science

CURRICULA ACTUALLY IMPLEMENTED BY THE TEACHER

CURRICULA ATTAINED BY THE STUDENT

STATISTICAL TRENDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER COURSES IN RECENT YEARS (1960-1990)

TRAINING SYSTEM IN THE BUSINESS WORLD

HRD in Private Industry

Historical Trends of HRD in Private Industry

Characteristics of the Japanese Job Training System

Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Education Through Research

NEW CHALLENGES FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION IN EUROPE

SKILL SHORTAGE IN EUROPE

REDRESSING THE BALANCE

WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ADVANCING EUROPEAN COOPERATION

European Science Foundation

Research Conferences

European Research Conferences

Program of EUROSCO

Other Science Programs

The NATO Science Program

Jacques Monod Conferences

The CIBA Conferences

NETWORKS

ESF Networks

The Human Capital and Mobility Program

Utilizing Points of Intervention: A Critique

CAREER EXPLORATION AND PLANNING IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS

SCHOOL-TO-WORK TRANSITIONS

CAREER STAGES IN THE WORK SETTING

PART V Influencing Science and Technology Career Trends: The Role of International Organizations

Profiles of Participating Organizations

ACADEMIA EUROPAEA

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES

EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION

INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

THIRD WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION

Appendixes.

Appendix A The Conference Program.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9786610210756

9780309175906

0309175909

9781280210754

1280210753

9780309561037

0309561035

9780585023786

0585023786

OCLC:

726823046