Managing wastewater in coastal urban areas / Committee on Wastewater Management for Coastal Urban Areas, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Wastewater Management for Coastal Urban Areas.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Sewage disposal.

Runoff--Environmental aspects.

Runoff.

Coastal zone management.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (496 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1993.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

Close to one-half of all Americans live in coastal counties. The resulting flood of wastewater, stormwater, and pollutants discharged into coastal waters is a major concern. This book offers a well-delineated approach to integrated coastal management beginning with wastewater and stormwater control. The committee presents an overview of current management practices and problems. The core of the volume is a detailed model for integrated coastal management, offering basic principles and methods, a direction for moving from general concerns to day-to-day activities, specific steps from goal setting through monitoring performance, and a base of scientific and technical information. Success stories from the Chesapeake and Santa Monica bays are included. The volume discusses potential barriers to integrated coastal management and how they may be overcome and suggests steps for introducing this concept into current programs and legislation. This practical volume will be important to anyone concerned about management of coastal waters: policymakers, resource and municipal managers, environmental professionals, concerned community groups, and researchers, as well as faculty and students in environmental studies.

Contents:

Managing Wastewater In Coastal Urban Areas

Copyright

Preface

Contents

Executive Summary

THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN COASTAL AREAS

Federal Legislation

Progress and Emerging Concerns

Constituents of Concern

High Priority

Intermediate Priority

Low Priority

KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Regional Differences

Nutrients in Coastal Waters

Source Control and Water Conservation

Levels of Treatment

Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows

Detecting Human Pathogens

Evaluation and Feedback

INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT

The Process

Benefits, Barriers, and Solutions

Implementation

Immediate Actions

Longer-Term Actions

Long-Term Implementation

REFERENCES

1 Introduction

STRESSES ON THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

WASTEWATER AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

Constituents and Impacts

Anticipated National-Level Priorities for Constituents of Concern

Treatment Technologies and Other Management Techniques

The Role of Government

The Role of the Public

THE CURRENT APPROACH TO WASTEWATER AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT

PROGRESS IN MANAGING WATER QUALITY

Water Pollution Control Success Stories

News York Harbor

Delaware River

CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE

CASE HISTORIES

Boston

San Diego

2 Key Issues Relating to Wastewater and Stormwater Management

REGIONAL DIFFERENCES

NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL WATERS

SOURCE CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION

LEVELS OF TREATMENT

STORMWATER AND COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

DETECTING HUMAN PATHOGENS

DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES

EVALUATION AND FEEDBACK

SUMMARY

3 Integrated Coastal Management

DEVELOPING A SUSTAINABLE VISION

PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY FOR A SYSTEM OF INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Principles

Process

Set Goals.

Define Geographic Extent of Concerns

Assess and Compare Risks

Develop and Compare Alternatives for Risk Management

Institutional Arrangements

Development, Selection, and Implementation

Monitoring

Information Management

Research

CONCLUSION

Background Reading

4 The Process

DYNAMIC PLANNING

Set Goals

Identify Resources

Review Existing Scientific Knowledge

Assess Human Expectations

Defining Issues and Setting Goals

Define the Geographic Extent of Concerns

Resources

Sources

Administrative Authorities

Assessing Risk

Compare Risks

Santa Monica Bay: A Case Example

The Bay's Ecosystem

Major Uses of the Bay

Identification of Issues of Concern

Swimming and Water Contact Issues

Seafood Contamination

Wetlands

Ecological Health: Wetlands versus Marine Habitats versus Fisheries

The Need for Problem-Focused Management

Lessons from Existing Situations

Ambient Water-Quality Objectives

The Environmental-Quality Driven Approach

System Components

Diffuse Sources-Modeling and Control

Ocean Sludge Disposal

Cross-Media Considerations

Costs and Feasibility

Expectations and Benefits in Relation to Costs

Summary

SELECTION, POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONS

Tools for Management

Selection

MONITORING, INFORMATION MANAGEMENT, AND RESEARCH

5 Benefits, Barriers, Solutions, and Implementation

INTRODUCTION

Undercontrol and Overcontrol

BENEFITS

Clear Goals

Improved Ability to Achieve Objectives

Cost-Effective Solutions

Improved Local Support and Commitment

BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS.

Definition of the Coastal Management Region

Assignment of Authority

Goals and Approaches

Plan Implementation

Monitoring Progress

Fulfilling Commitments

Contingencies

IMPLEMENTATION

The National Estuary Program

Public Involvement

Science and Technical Information

The Longer Term

Alternative Modes of Regulation

Pollution Prevention

Social Science Dimensions

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR THE NEXT CENTURY

REFERENCE

APPENDIXES

A The Role of Nutrients in Coastal Waters

ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE ALGAE

Anoxia and Hypoxia

Dieback of Seagrasses, Algal Beds, and Corals

Nuisance Algal Blooms

CONTROLS ON EUTROPHICATION AND NUISANCE BLOOMS IN COASTAL WATERS

Nutrient Limitation

Nitrogen Versus Phosphorus Limitation

Dose-response Relationship: Nitrogen and Eutrophication

Causes of Nuisance Algal Blooms

CONCLUSIONS

B Microbial Pathogens in Coastal Waters

MICROBIOLOGIC AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH WASTEWATER

Viruses

Parasites

Bacteria

Animal and Wildlife Sources

Toxins in Shellfish and Fish

OCCURRENCE OF PATHOGENS IN COASTAL WATERS

Enteric Viruses

SURVIVAL OF ENTERIC MICROORGANISMS IN MARINE WATERS

ILLNESSES FROM BATHING

RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR MICROORGANISMS

Dose-Response Assessment: Probability of Infection, Morbidity, and Mortality

Exposure Assessment

Application of a Virus Risk Model to Characterize Risks from Consuming Shellfish

SUMMARY OF SHELLFISH AND RECREATIONAL MICROBIOLOGIC RISKS

C Transport and Fate of Pollutants in the Coastal Marine Environment

MECHANISMS OF INPUT

Outfalls

Discharges from Barges and Ships

Diffuse Sources

TRANSPORT AND FATE.

Far-Field Transport and Dispersion of Contaminants

Dispersion

Net Advective Processes

Modeling and Measurements

Conclusions

Recommendations

Behavior of Particles from Wastewater and Sludge: Flocculation and Sedimentation

Particles in Marine Environments

Particles and Particle-Reactive Pollutants in Wastewaters and Sludges

Transport and Fate of Wastewater Particles

The Sediment-Water Interface

Discussion and Conclusions

Chemical and Biological Conversions of Toxics in situ

Biological Availability/Bioaccumulation

Transformation Processes

Organics in Sediments

Trace Elements and the Importance of Speciation

Nutrient Cycling and Biostimulation

Sediment Processes

Sediment Deposition, Resuspension, and Transport

Sediment Mixing, Contaminant Reactions, and Release to the Water Column

The United States Experience

Conclusions and Recommendations

Sediment Quality

Definition and Criteria

Sediment Quality Modeling

Ultimate Sinks for Pollutants: Distribution of Pollutants in Water and Sediments in the Ultra-Far-Field

Dumpsite 106

Understanding from Seattle Puget Sound

Understanding from Southern California

Conclusion

Afterword

Recommendation

OVERALL DESIGN OF DISPOSAL SYSTEMS, CONTROL OF DIFFUSE SOURCES, AND USE OF MODELS

Steps in the Design of a Disposal System (new systems and upgrading existing systems)

The Water-Quality Driven Approach

Transport and Fates Modeling: Predicting Ambient Water and Sediment Quality

Choice of System Components: Alternative Systems

Discussion

The Quality-Driven Approach

Toxicants

Particles

Nutrients

Better Integration of Field with Laboratory and Computer

D Engineering and Management Options for Controlling Coastal Environmental Water Quality

SOURCE CONTROL.

Pollution Prevention

Pretreatment

Recycling and Reuse

Pollution Prevention in Municipal Wastewater Management-Background and Definitions

Energy Conservation and Energy Recovery

Nonpoint Source Control

Pollution Prevention Programs

Examples of Pollution Prevention Programs

Economic Advantages of Pollution Prevention

Economic Advantages of Recycling and Reuse

Pollution Prevention or Pretreatment?

Environmental Benefits-Pretreatment

Environmental Benefits-Pollution Prevention

Cost-Benefit Ratios

MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Introduction

Advances in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems

Optimization of Primary Stage(s) of Treatment

Advances in Biological Treatment Processes

Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems

Water Reclamation and Reuse as an Alternative to Wastewater Discharge

Water Conservation

Advances that Offer Flexibility and/or Special Capabilities

Institutional Barriers to Innovation

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems

Description of Ten Wastewater Treatment Systems

Matrix of Performance and Cost Summary Tables

Performance and Costs

Qualitative Comparisons

Toxic Organics and Metals

Fats, Oil, and Grease

Sludge

Sludge Quantity

Sludge Treatment Costs

Land Disposal

Composting

Incineration

Direct Land Application

Energy Use in Municipal Wastewater Treatment

DISINFECTION

Disinfection Methods

Chlorination

Dechlorination

Ozone Disinfection

Ultraviolet Irradiation

Electron Beam

Efficacy of Disinfection Methods in Pathogen Inactivation

COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW CONTROLS

History and Problems

CSO Technologies

Source Controls

Flow System Optimization

Sewer Separation

High-Rate Satellite Treatment

Off-Line Storage

Integrating CSO Control Techniques.

Summary of Comparative Performance of CSO Control Technologies.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610196388

9781280196386

1280196386

9780309538039

0309538033

9780585001777

0585001774

OCLC:

613378948