In her lifetime : female morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa / Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa, Board on International Health, Institute of Medicine ; Christopher P. Howson ... [et al.], editors.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Howson, Christopher Paul.

Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Study Female Morbidity and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Women--Diseases--Africa, Sub-Saharan.

Women.

Women--Africa, Sub-Saharan--Mortality.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xi, 308 pages) : illustrations, maps.

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 1996.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This report takes a life span approach to female health in Sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting biomedical aspects, the study of which has been relatively neglected compared to socioeconomic and cultural considerations. The life span framework recognizes the need to articulate major causes and manifesta

Contents:

In Her Lifetime

Copyright

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Contents

1 Summary

PREAMBLE

THE "LIFE SPAN" APPROACH

THE STUDY PROCESS

Background

The Committee and Its Process

Study Objectives

Dilemmas and Strategies

Definitions

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sex and Gender

Report Organization

CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS

Conclusions

Gender-Related Burden

Health Problems Across the Female Life Span: A Synthesis

Research Needs

Notes

2 The Context of Mortality and Morbidity

THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT

THE ISSUE OF HETEROGENEITY

THE SOCIOECONOMICS OF LIFE AND DEATH

The Variables

Gender Disparities

Morbidity and Mortality

Health Services Access and Utilization and Health-Seeking Behavior

Access Bias

Health-Seeking Behavior

The Dynamics of Female Education

Access to Assets, Employment, and Income

Widowhood and Its Sequelae

POWER, CONTROL, EQUITY, AND STATUS

Fostering

Kinship and Residence

HIV and AIDS

SOCIAL DISRUPTION AND HEALTH STATUS

War and Civil Strife

Refugee Status

Gender Violence

Early Marriage

Traditional Medicine

Traditional Practices

Food Prescriptions and Proscriptions

Pregnancy, Labor, and Delivery

Female Genital Mutilation

CONCLUSIONS

References

3 Nutritional Status

WOMEN'S ROLES AND FEMALE NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Effects of Household Food Production and Acquisition Strategies on the Nutritional Status of Women and Children

Effects of Commercial Agriculture

Seasonality

Dietary Intake and Energy Expenditure of Pregnant and Lactating Women

EXTENT OF MALNUTRITION AMONG FEMALES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Micronutrient Disorders

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Obesity

Micronutrient Deficiencies.

FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE NUTRITIONAL STATUS: TAKING A LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE

Mortality and Morbidity

Mortality

Morbidity

Cognitive Development and School Performance

Reproductive Function

Physical Work Capacity

RESEARCH NEEDS

4 Obstetric Morbidity and Mortality

GENDER BURDEN

THE LIFE SPAN: AN APPROACH TO MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY

Childhood

Adolescence

Menopause and Postmenopause

THE MAGNITUDE OF PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY

Quantification of Maternal Mortality

Vital Statistics

Health Services Statistics

Population-Based Data

Alternative Approaches

The Burden of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity

Percent of Pregnancy-Related Deaths and Lifetime Risk of Dying

Estimates of Maternal Morbidity

Trends

THE NATURE OF MATERNAL MORTALITY AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM

Prediction, Prevention, and Cure

Prediction: Risk Factors and the Utility of Risk Scores

Maternal Characteristics

Community Characteristics

Calculations of Risk

Prevention

Cure

THE MULTIPLE CAUSALITY OF MATERNAL DEATH

Clinical Causes

Anemia

Complications of Pregnancy and Delivery

Sociocultural Factors: Traditional Medical Practices

The Traditional Birth Attendant

Gishiri Cuts

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

Health Services

Access to Antenatal and Intrapartum Care

MATERNAL HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING

Provision of Family Planning Services

Abortion

Lactation

MENOPAUSE

5 Nervous System Disorders

LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE

TOXIC AND NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

HEADACHE SYNDROMES

Migraine

Tension Headache

CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES AND USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

OTHER NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Epilepsies

Demyelinating Diseases.

Neurologic Complications of Collagen Diseases

Dementia

6 Mental Health Problems

MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL ILLNESS IN AFRICA: GENERAL ISSUES

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE RATE, COURSE, AND OUTCOMES OF MENTAL DISORDERS: GLOBAL ISSUES

THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE IN AFRICA

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN AFRICA FOR ALL PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

AFFECTIVE AND NEUROTIC DISORDERS

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Incidence

Prevalence

Course and Outcome

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN GENERAL MEDICAL SETTINGS

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM

Note

7 Cardiovascular Diseases, Cancers, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Emerging Problems

Coronary Artery Disease

Stroke

Factors Influencing Coronary Artery Disease and Stroke Risk

Smoking

Hypertension

Dyslipidemias

Diabetes Mellitus

Oral Contraceptive Use

Continuing Problems

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Cardiomyopathies

CANCERS

Cancer of the Breast

Cancers of the Uterus and Ovary and Choriocarcinoma

Colorectal and Lung Cancers

Cancer of the Cervix

Leukemias and Lymphomas

Skin Cancers

Liver Cancer

Bladder Cancer

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES

Cigarette Smoking

Indoor Air Pollution

8 Injury

DEFINITIONS

INJURIES WORLDWIDE

Injuries as a Public Health Issue

INJURIES IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD

Epidemiologic Transition

INJURY PATTERNS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Evidence in Females

LIFE SPAN APPROACH

Motor Vehicle Injuries

Implications for Females

Other Unintentional Injuries: Burns, Drowning, Falls, and Unintentional Poisonings

Burns

Drowning

Falls.

Unintentional Poisonings

VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALES-A GROWING PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM

Fatal Violent Injuries in Females

Homicide

Suicide

Nonfatal Violent Injuries in Females

Domestic Abuse (Battering)

Rape and Sexual Assault

Implications of Intentional Injury Directed Specifically Toward Females

Improved Data Sources

Prevention Strategies

9 Occupational and Environmental Health

WOMEN'S WORK IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

WOMEN AND WORK IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT

PROBLEMS OF DEFINITION

THE NATURE OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS

Occupational Injuries

Occupational Diseases

Chemical Hazards

Toxic Emissions

NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE

An Occupational and Environmental Health Hazard Profile for Women

Physical Factors

Chemical Factors

Biological Factors

Work Organizational Factors

Psychosocial Organization of Work

Job Load

Job Control

The Physical Organization of Work

Additional Considerations Unique to Women in Sub-Saharan Africa

Adverse Health Outcomes of Occupational and Environmental Hazards

Indirect (Group) Health Effects

Direct (Individual) Health Effects

Nature of Women's Work and Problems of Definition

10 Tropical Infectious Diseases

MALARIA

Malaria in Children

Malaria in Adolescent and Adult Females

SCHISTOSOMIASIS (BILHARZIASIS)

Schistosomiasis in Children

Schistosomiasis and the Adolescent Female

Schistosomiasis in Adult Females

AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS

African Trypanosomiasis in Children

African Trypanosomiasis in Adolescent and Adult Females

African Trypanosomiasis and Pregnancy

TRACHOMA

Trachoma in Children

Trachoma in Adolescent and Adult Females.

DRACUNCULIASIS (GUINEA WORM)

Dracunculiasis in Children and Adolescents

Dracunculiasis in Adult Females

ONCHOCERCIASIS AND LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS

Onchocerciasis in Children

Onchocerciasis in Adolescents

Onchocerciasis in Adult Females

LEISHMANIASIS AND LEPROSY

11 Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV Infection

OVERVIEW

STDs, Including HIV Infection, and their Complications

Complications of STDs

Gender Differentials in STDs and HIV Infection

Control Over the Circumstances of Sexual Intercourse

Acquisition of STDs and HIV Infection and Development of Complications

Detection and Treatment of STDs

The Social Implications of STDs and HIV Infection

STDs and HIV Infection Throughout the Female Life Span

Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence

MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM

Economic Impact

SOCIETAL DETERMINANTS OF STDS AND HIV INFECTION

Population-Age Composition

Urbanization, Sex Ratio, and Population Mobility

War and Social Unrest

Sexual Norms, Women's Social Status, and Patterns of Sexual Behavior

Availability and Utilization of Health Services

Operational Research

Technology Development

Behavioral Research

Clinical Research and Epidemiology

APPENDIX

Appendix A Demographic Overview and State of the Data

DATA ON FEMALE MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN

Data on Mortality

Sources and Measures

Gender Differences in Mortality

Levels of Mortality

Trends in Mortality over Time

Cause-Specific Mortality Across the Life Span

Data on Morbidity

Sources and Quality

Estimates of Morbidity

Disability-Adjusted Life Years.

Understanding Mortality and Morbidity Across the Life Span.

Notes:

Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9786610192335

9780309175883

0309175887

9781280192333

128019233X

9780309562225

0309562228

9780585028859

0585028850

OCLC:

814271229