Essential Hindi grammar : with examples from modern Hindi literature / Christine Everaert.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Everaert, Christine, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Hindi language--Grammar.

Hindi language.

Physical Description:

xvii, 181 pages ; 24 cm

Place of Publication:

Honolulu : University of Hawaiʻi Press, [2017]

Contents:

Part I Hindi: A Brief Introduction 1

I Linguistic background and evolution 3

I.1 Evolution of Modern Standard Hindi 3

I.1.1 Simplification 4

I.1.2 Cultural and linguistic influence of political events 5

I.2 Two sister languages 7

Part II The Hindi Alphabet 11

I The alphabet (varnamala) 13

I.1 The vowels (svar) 13

I.2 The consonants (vyañjan) 15

I.2.1 The occlusives or plosives (spars) and nasal sounds ( anunasik) 15

I.2.2 The liquids or semi-vocals (svar-sadrs) 18

I.2.3 The fricatives (sangharsi) 19

I.2.4 The aspirates (ha-dhvani) 19

I.2.5 Variants based on the basic letters 20

I.3 The pronunciation (uccaran) of the inherent short vowel a to the syllabic character 21

I.4 The ligatures (samyukt aksar) 23

I.4.1 Ligatures of two or more consonants 23

I.4.2 The (ra) in a ligature 24

I.4.3 The anusvar 25

I.5 The nasalization or anunasik 25

I.6 The visarga 26

I.7 Punctuation marks (viram-cihn) 26

Part III Basic Hindi Grammar 29

I Cases (karak) versus usage of postpositions (parsarg) 31

I.1 Introduction 31

I.2 The different cases (sambodhan karak) 31

I.2.1 The vocative case (sambodhan karak) 31

I.2.2 The nominative case (kartta karak) 32

I.2.3 The oblique case (vikari karak) 32

I.2.3.1 Oblique case used with postposition (ko) 33

I.2.3.1.1 Time and place indications 33

I.2.3.1.2 Direct objects with and without the postposition (ko) 34

I.2.3.2 Oblique case used as a marker of an instrument, agent or (lack of) companion, reason or circumstance of an action, in combination with postpositions like (se), (ke sath), (ke bina), (ke dvara) 37

I.2.3.3 Oblique case used as a marker of a possessive relationship, in combination with postposition (ka) 38

I.2.3.4 Oblique case used as a marker of origination or direction, in combination with postposition (ko) or (se) 40

I.2.3.5 Oblique case used as a marker of locations, in combination with postposition 'in' (mem), 'on' (par), 'until, up to' (tak), etc. 41

I.3 The compound postpositions (parsarg) 42

II The noun (samgya) 45

II.1 Table of declension 45

III The adjective (visesan) 48

III.1 Table of declension 48

IV The pronouns (sarvanam) 50

IV.1 Table of declension 50

IV.1.1 Personal (puruivacak sarvanam) and possessive pronouns (svatvabodhak sarvanam); (apna) 50

IV.1.2 Demonstrative (samketvacak), relative (sambandhvacak), interrogative (prasnvacak), and indefinite (aniscayvacak) pronouns (sarvanam) 53

V Syntax (vakyavinyas) 54

V.1 The syntax within one constituent of a sentence 54

V.2 The syntax within one sentence 55

V.3 Interrogative particles 57

V.4 Relative (sambandhvacak sabd) correlative conjunctions (sah-sambandhit sabd) 60

V.5 The degrees of comparison 62

V.6 The verb 'to have' 63

V.7 Feelings and some special verbs 65

V.7.1 Feelings and emotions: (lagna), (ana), and (hona) 65

V.7.1.1 (lagna) 'to seem' 67

V.7.1.2 (lagna) 'to like' and 'to dislike' 67

V.7.1.3 (lagna) 'to be expended; to take (time, energy, cost)' 68

V.7.2 The verb (milna) 68

V.8 Obligations: 'have to', 'should', 'need' 69

V.8.1 (cahie) 'it is desirable, wanted, needed' 69

V.8.2 (parna) 'to have to' 70

V.8.3 (hona) 'to have to' 71

VI The verb (kriya) 72

VI.1 Tenses and aspects 72

VI.2 Formation 72

VI.3 Compound verbal tenses 74

VI.3.1 Imperfective present (vartaman kal) and past (apurn bhutkal) 74

VI.3.2 Perfective tense (purn kal) 75

VI.3.2.1 The (ne) construction 78

VI.3.2.2 The (ne) construction when the direct object does not take (ko) 79

VI.3.2.3 The (ne) construction when the direct object does take (ko) 79

VI.3.2.4 Some special transitive verbs that do not take (ne) 81

VI.3.2.5 Special intransitive verbs that do take (ne) 82

VI.3.2.6 Auxiliary verbs and the usage of (ne) 83

VI.3.3 Continuous tense (apurn kal) 84

VI.3.4 Unfulfillable/unfulfilled conditions: Irrealis 85

VI.3.5 Conditional or potential (hetuhetumat kal) 86

VI.3.6 Presumptive (sandigdh kal) 88

VI.4 Simple verbal tenses 89

VI.4.1 Absolutive (purvakalik krdant) 89

VI.4.2 Imperative (vidhikal) 91

VI.4.3 Subjunctive (sambhavnarth) 94

VI.4 4 The future (bhavisyat kal) 98

VI.4.5 Present participle or past participle used as finite verb (krdant) 101

VI.5 The double usage of (hona) 102

VI.6 Some irregular and alternative verbal forms 103

VI.6.1 The verb (hona) 'to be' 103

VI.6.2 Some important irregular verbal forms 103

VI.7 Causative and double causative verbs (preranarth kritaem) 104

VI.7.1 Formation 105

VII Light verbs, coloring verbs, (compound) auxiliary verbs, vector verbs (sahayak kriya) 111

VII.1 (ana) 'to come' 111

VII.2 (uthna) 'to get up' 113

VII.3 (karna) 'to do, make' 113

VII.4 (cahna) 'to want, to wish' 115

VII.5 (cahie) 'it is desirable, wanted, needed' 115

VII.6 (cukna) 'to be finished, completed' 117

VII.7 (jana) 'to go' 118

VII.8 (dalna) 'to place, throw, put' 122

VII.9 (dena) 'to give' 123

VII.10 (parna) 'to fall', 'to have to' 125

VII.11 (pana) 'to obtain, to manage' 126

VII.12 (baithna) 'to sit' 127

VII.13 (rakhna") 'to place, to keep' 128

VII.14 (rahna) 'to stay' 129

VII.15 (lagna) 'to be attached to' 131

VII.16 (lena) 'to take' 132

VII.17 (sakna) 'can' 133

VII.18 Star (hona) 'to be', 'to have to' 134

VIII The usage of participles (krdant) 135

VIII.1 The participle used as an adjective 135

VIII.2 Participles used as nouns 136

VIII.3 Participles and their predicative usage 137

VIII.4 The adverbial usage of the participle 139

VIII.5 Participles used when indicating time 143

IX Prefixes and Suffixes (pratyay) 145

IX.1 Prefixes 145

IX.1.1 Prefixes with Sanskritic origin 145

IX.1.2 Prefixes with Perso-Arabic origin 147

IX.2 Suffixes

IX.2.1 Nouns formed from verbal stems 148

IX.2.2 Nouns formed from Other nouns 148

IX.2.3 Nouns formed from adjectives 149

IX.2.4 Agent nouns formed from nouns 149

IX.2.5 Abstract nouns formed from other nouns and adjectives 150

IX.2.6 Feminine nouns formed of masculine nouns referring to animate beings 150

IX.2.7 Adjectives formed from nouns 150

IX.2.8 Words derived from toponyms 151

IX.2.9 Diminutives (f.) 151

IX.2.10 Adverbs formed from nouns 152

IX.3 The suffix (-vala) 152

IX.3.1 Infinitive on(-ne) + (-vala) 152

IX.3.2 Noun + (-vala) 153

IX.3.3 Toponyms + (-vala) 153

IX.3.4 Adjective and adverb + (-vala) 153

IX.4 The suffix (-sa) 153

IX.4.1 Combined with nouns and pronouns 153

IX.4.2 Combined with adjectives that express a quantity 154

IX.4.3 Combined with adjectives expressing a quality 154

X Repetition and echo words 156

XI Numbers (samkhya) 156

XI.1 Cardinal numbers (ganan samkhyaem) 158

XI.2 Fractions (bhinn) 159

XI.3 Ordinal numbers (kramasucak samkhyaem) 160

XI.4 Collectives (samuhvacak) 160

XII Time and calendars: Eras, seasons, months, days, hours, and minutes 162

XII.1 Eras 162

XII.1.1 Hindu 162

XII.1.2 Islamic 162

XII.2 Seasons and months 163

XII.2.1 Hindu 163

XII.2.2 Islamic 164

XII.2.3 Everybody 165

XII.3 Days 165

XII.4 Hours and minutes 165

XII.4.1 Basic terminology 165

XII.4.2 On the hour 165

XII.4.3 Half past the hour 166

XII.4.4 Quarter past and quarter to 166

XII.4.5 To the minute 167

XII.5 Specifying the moment of the day 168.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9780824857875

0824857879

9780824871857

0824871855

OCLC:

953708567