Microbiology of respiratory system infections / edited by Kateryna Kon, Mahendra Rai.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Kon, Kateryna Volodymyrivna.

Rai, Mahendra.

Series:

Clinical microbiology diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of infections ; 1.

Clinical microbiology diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of infections ; 1

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Respiratory infections--Microbiology.

Respiratory infections.

Medical microbiology.

Respiratory System--microbiology.

Microbiology.

Medical Subjects:

Respiratory System--microbiology.

Genre:

Electronic books.

Physical Description:

1 online resource.

Place of Publication:

London : Academic Press, 2016.

System Details:

text file

Summary:

The Microbiology of Respiratory System Infections reviews modern approaches in the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of respiratory system infections. The book is very useful for researchers, scientists, academics, medical practitioners, graduate and postgraduate students, and specialists from pharmaceutical and laboratory diagnostic companies. The book has been divided into three sections according to the types of respiratory pathogens. The first section contains reviews on the most common and epidemiologically important respiratory viruses, such as influenza virus, severe acute respiratory system coronavirus, and recently discovered Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. The second section is devoted to bacterial and fungal pathogens, which discusses etiology and pathogenesis including infections in patients with compromised immune system, and infections caused by fungal pathogens, such as Aspergillus and Pneumocystis. The third section incorporates treatment approaches against different types of bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract. This section reviews classical antimicrobial and phytomedical approaches as well as the application of nanotechnology against respiratory pathogens.

Contents:

Chapter 1 Influenza Virus Infections: Clinical Update, Molecular Biology, and Therapeutic Options / G. Franci Franci, G., L. Palomba Palomba, L., A. Falanga Falanga, A., C. Zannella Zannella, C., V. D'Oriano D'Oriano, V., L. Rinaldi Rinaldi, L., S. Galdiero Galdiero, S., M. Galdiero Galdiero, M. 1

1 Introduction 1

2 Classification 2

3 Virion Structure and Genomic Architecture 2

4 Viral Replication 7

5 Clinical Features and Pathogenesis in Humans 10

6 Genesis of Antigenic Influenza Variants and Pandemics 13

7 Influenza Treatment 20

8 Conclusions 22

References 23

Chapter 2 Influenza Viral Infection in the Respiratory System-Potential Ways of Monitoring / S.C.B. Gopinath Gopinath, S.C.B., T. Lakshmipriya Lakshmipriya, T., U. Hashim Hashim, U., M.K. Md Arshad Arshad, M.K. Md, R.M. Ayub Ayub, R.M., T. Adam Adam, T. 33

1 Introduction 33

2 Probes Involved in Influenza Detection 34

2.1 Influenza Detection by Antibody 35

2.2 Influenza Detection by Aptamer 36

2.3 Influenza Detection by Glyean 36

3 Detection of Influenza Virus 36

3.1 Immunochromatographic Test 36

3.2 Surface Plasmon Resonance 37

3.3 Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Spectroscopy 37

3.4 Waveguide Mode Sensor 38

3.5 Gold Nanoparticle Based Colorimetric Assay 38

3.6 Disc Platform-Interferometry 39

3.7 Fluorescent Capturing 39

3.8 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay 40

4 Conclusions 41

References 41

Chapter 3 SARS Coronavirus Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract and their Prevention / N. Petrovsky Petrovsky, N. 45

1 Introduction 45

2 Inactivated Whole Virus Vaccines 46

3 Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccines 46

4 SARS-Associated Eosinophilic Lung Immunopathology 47

5 SARS Pathology in the Elderly 48

6 Prevention of Vaccine-Exacerbated SARS Lung Immunopathology 48

7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 50

Acknowledgments 50

References 50

Chapter 4 The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Respiratory Infection: An Emerging Infection from the Arabian Peninsula / J.A. Al-Tawfiq Al-Tawfiq, J.A., Z.A. Memish Memish, Z.A. 55

1 Introduction 55

2 The Organism 56

3 MERS-CoV Epidemiology 56

4 Clinical Presentations 57

5 Treatment of MERS-CoV 59

6 Preventive and Control of MERS-CoV 59

7 Summary 59

References 60

Chapter 5 Respiratory Infections of the Human Bocavirus / O. Schildgen Schildgen, O., V. Schildgen Schildgen, V. 65

1 Introduction 65

2 HBoV Biology 65

3 Epidemiology 69

4 Clinical Features 69

5 Coinfections and Persistence 71

6 Diagnostics 71

7 Summary and Perspective 72

References 72

Chapter 6 Circulation of Respiratory Pathogens at Mass Gatherings, with Special Focus on the Hajj Pilgrimage / P. Gautret Gautret, P., S. Benkouiten Benkouiten, S. 81

1 Introduction 81

2 Respiratory Tract Infections at the Hajj 82

2.1 Syndromic Surveillance Data 83

2.2 Isolation of Respiratory Pathogens in Ill Hajj Pilgrims 83

2.3 Systematic Screening of Respiratory Pathogens in Hajj Pilgrims Before and After the Pilgrimage 84

3 Respiratory Tract Infections at Other Mass Gatherings 86

3.1 Religious Mass Gatherings 86

3.2 Sport Mass Gatherings 86

3.3 Festivals and Private Mass Gatherings 87

4 Conclusions 87

References 88

Chapter 7 Indoor Air Pollution Due to Mycoflora Causing Acute Lower Respiratory Infections / T. Dubey Dubey, T. 95

1 Introduction 95

1.1 Direct Association of Fungi With Development of Asthma 95

1.2 Characterization of Fungi 96

1.3 Historical Background 96

1.4 Diseases Caused by Molds in Humans 96

2 Association of Mold With Asthma and Allergies-Major Aspects 98

2.1 Pathophysiology 98

2.2 Ecological Studies 101

2.3 Methods to Study 105

2.4 Induced Outbreak of Mold Allergies Due to Human Activity-Case Study 108

3 Conclusions 109

References 110

Chapter 8 Is There a Link Between Environmental Allergens and Parasitism? / I. Postigo Postigo, I., J.A. Guisantes Guisantes, J.A., J. Martinez Martinez, J. 113

1 Introduction 113

2 Allergens 115

2.1 Allergens as Cause of Sensitization 115

2.2 Allergens as Type I Allergies' Diagnoses and Treatment Tools 115

2.3 The Biological Function and Nature of Allergens 116

2.4 Defining the Concept of Allergens 117

3 Helminth Parasites and Allergy 118

4 Concluding Remarks 120

References 121

Chapter 9 Respiratory Infections in Immunosuppressed Patients / S.R. Konduri Konduri, S.R., A.O. Soubani Soubani, A.O. 125

1 Introduction 125

2 Pathophysiology Predisposing Patients to infections 125

3 Bacterial Pneumonia 128

4 Fungal Infections 130

5 Cytomegalovirus 135

6 Community Respiratory Viruses 137

7 Conclusions 137

References 138

Chapter 10 Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Producer Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Opportunistic Pathogen in Lungs / S.U. Picoli Picoli, S.U., A.L.S. Goncalves Goncalves, A.L.S. 143

1 Introduction 143

2 P. aeruginosa Resistant to Beta-Lactam Antibiotics 144

3 Detection Tests of MBLs in P. aeruginosa 146

3.1 Combined Disk (CD) Test 147

3.2 Carbapenem Inactivation Method 147

3.3 Nonphenotypic Tests 148

4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 149

References 149

Chapter 11 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Clinical and Microbiological Aspects / R.Y. Ramírez-Rueda Ramírez-Rueda, R.Y. 153

1 Introduction 153

2 Description of Causal Microorganism 154

3 Respiratory Disease Caused by M. tuberculosis 156

3.1 Latent Tuberculosis 156

3.2 Active Tuberculosis 157

4 Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis 157

4.1 Clinical Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis 157

4.2 Laboratory Diagnostic of Pulmonary Tuberculosis 157

4.3 New Perspectives in TB Diagnostic 162

5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 162

References 163

Chapter 12 Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Diagnosis and Treatment / S. Quereshi Quereshi, S., P. Paralikar Paralikar, P., R. Pandit Pandit, R., M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh Razzaghi-Abyaneh, M., K. Kon Kon, K., M. Rai Rai, M. 167

1 Introduction 167

2 Classification and Microbiology of Pulmonary Aspergillosis 168

2.1 Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis 168

2.2 Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis 169

2.3 Tracheopulmonary Aspergillosis 170

2.4 Invasive Aspergillosis or Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis 171

3 Relationship of Pulmonary Aspergillosis with Immunocompromised Patients 172

4 Morphological and Molecular Identification of Aspergilli 172

5 Clinical Diagnosis of Aspergillosis 174

5.1 Microscopy 174

5.2 Histopathology 174

5.3 Galactomannam Antigen Test 175

5.4 Beta-D-Glucan Test 175

5.5 Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography 175

5.6 Lateral Flow Device 175

5.7 Volatile Organic Compounds 176

8 Treatment of Aspergillosis 176

6.1 Amphotericin B 177

6.2 Voriconazole 177

6.3 Itraconazole 177

6.4 Posaconazole 177

7 Multidrug Resistance 178

8 Conclusions 179

References 179

Chapter 13 Laboratory Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia / O. Matos Matos, O., F. Esteves Esteves, F. 185

1 Introduction 185

2 Laboratory Diagnosis of PcP 186

2.1 Current Methods for Diagnosis of PcP 187

2.2 New Alternatives for the Diagnosis of PcP 201

3 Conclusions 202

References 202

Chapter 14 Antimicrobial Approaches Against Bacterial Pathogens Which Cause Lower Respiratory System Infections / A.F. Jozala Jozala, A.F., D. Grotto Grotto, D., L.C.L. Novaes Novaes, L.C.L., V. de Carvalho Santos-Ebinuma Santos-Ebinuma, V. de Carvalho, M. Gerenutti Gerenutti, M., F.S. Del Fiol Fiol, F.S. Del 211

1 Introduction 211

2 Bacterial Pathogens Which Cause Lower Respiratory System Infections 212

2.1 WHO's Data About Antimicrobial Resistance 213

3 Antimicrobial Therapies 213

3.1 Antimicrobial Approaches Following Clinical Guidelines 213

4 Probiotic Treatment 215

5 Natural Medicines 215

6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 220

References 221

Chapter 15 Nanotechnological Applications for the Control of Pulmonary Infections / A.P. Ingle Ingle, A.P., S. Shende Shende, S., R. Pandit Pandit, R., P. Paralikar Paralikar, P., S. Tikar Tikar, S., K. Kon Kon, K., M. Rai Rai, M. 223

1 Introduction 223

2 Some Important Pulmonary Infections 224

2.1 Pneumonia 224

2.2 Tuberculosis 224

2.3 Pulmonary Aspergillosis 225

2.4 Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Infection 225

3 Existing Treatments for Pulmonary Infections 225

4 Limitations and Side Effects of the Treatment of Pulmonary Infections 227

5 Nanotechnology in Medicine 228

5.1 Applications of Different Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Pulmonary Infections 228

5.2 Nanotechnology for Pulmonary Drug Delivery 229

6 Conclusions 231

References 231

Chapter 16 Volatile Oils: Potential Agents for the Treatment of Respiratory Infections / A. Pasdaran Pasdaran, A. Pasdaran, A., A. Pasdaran, D. Sheikhi Sheikhi, D. 237

1 Introduction 237

2 Traditional Remedies in Respiratory Infections 240

3 Screening of the Antibacterial Effects of Essential Oils 242

3.1 Laboratory Methods of Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils 251

4 Screening of the Antiviral Effects of Essential Oils 253

5 Role of Inflammation in Respiratory Tract Infections 253

6 Conclusions 256

Acknowledgements 257

References 257

Chapter 17 Current Therapeutics and Prophylactic Approaches to Treat Pneumonia / A. Krishnamurthy Krishnamurthy, A., E. Palombo Palombo, E. 263

1 Introduction 263

1.1 Microbiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcus Pneumoniae-the Major Cause of Pneumonia 263

1.2 Biology of Pneumococcal Pneumonia 264

2 Childhood Pneumonia 264

3 Adult Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia 265

4 Vaccination 265

4.1 HTB Vaccine 266

4.2 Pneumococcal Vaccines 266

5 Current Antiinfective Treatments Against Bacterial Pathogens 267

5.1 Current Antiinfective Antimicrobials 268

6 Current Antiinfective Treatments Against Viral Pathogens 269

7 Antibiotic Resistance and its Impact 270

8 Advances in Antibiotic Treatment for Pneumonia 271

9 Newer Targets for the next Generation Antimicrobials for Combating Drug Resistance 273

9.1 Targeting Bacterial Proteins 273

9.2 Combining Β-Lactamase Enzyme With Β-Lactam Antibacterial Drugs 274

9.3 Immunomodulatory Strategies 274

10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 274

References 274.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Microbiology of respiratory system infections.

ISBN:

0128045760

9780128045763

OCLC:

952154530

Access Restriction:

Restricted for use by site license.